BIOL 1000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 13: Rna Polymerase Ii, Rna Splicing, Exon Shuffling
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QUESTION 10
If you can drink milk as an adult, it means that you have inherited a mutation in the promoter of your lactase gene (the gene that encodes the enzyme you need to break down lactose). Predict the effect of this mutation:
| The mutation changes the number of domains in the enzyme, which makes it work more efficiently | ||
| The mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the lactase protein | ||
| The mutation increases the number of copies of the lactase gene that will be found in your genome | ||
| The mutation changes whether the lactase sequence is found in an intron or exon | ||
| The mutation affects the expression of the lactase gene |
1.2 points
QUESTION 11
A competitive inhibitor is decreasing the activity of an enzyme. Predict the effect of adding more substrate to the reaction.
| The substrate will increase the reaction rate by binding to the allosteric site | ||
| The substrate will increase the reaction rate by competing with the inhibitor for the active site | ||
| The reaction rate will not change unless the inhibitor can be removed | ||
| The enzyme adjusts its shape so that the substrate, but NOT the competitive inhibitor, can bind | ||
| The substrate will bind to the competitive inhibitor and block its ability to bind to the enzyme |
1.2 points
QUESTION 12
What determines where in the genome a transcription regulator will bind?
| Transcription regulators bind to the 5' UTR region of a gene | ||
| Regulators bind via complementary base-pairing to certain DNA molecules | ||
| Covalent bonds form between the transcription regulator and the atoms of the DNA backbone | ||
| Every eukaryotic gene has a different transcription regulator that will bind to the 5' end of the gene | ||
| Transcription regulators bind to specific DNA sequences via multiple weak non-covalent interactions |
1.2 points
QUESTION 13
What is the basic premise of cell theory?
| DNA -> RNA -> protein | ||
| All cells arise from pre-existing cells | ||
| DNA provides the complete instructions to create a cell | ||
| The identity of a cell is determined through gene expression patterns | ||
| All cells contain the same four basic macromolecules |
1.2 points
QUESTION 14
What is the benefit of using BOTH the lac activator and the lac repressor to control gene expression?
| Using both an activator and repressor enables cells to more accurately determine the amount of lactose available in the environment | ||
| Enzymes to digest lactose are only made when energy is low and lactose is available | ||
| The activator can override the inhibition of the lac operon by the repressor | ||
| The repressor can control the enhancer, while the activator can control the promoter | ||
| When neither the lac activator or repressor is present, expression of the lac operon is too high |
1.2 points
QUESTION 15
What is the histone code used for?
| Phosphorylation and acetylation of DNA affect its ability to be compacted | ||
| Changes to the sequence of DNA change whether DNA will wrap around histone proteins | ||
| Covalent modifications of histones affect the ability of the transcription initiation complex to form | ||
| Histones provide the codon sequences needed for translation to occur | ||
| The histone code affects which amino acids will get added to a polypeptide |
Fill in the blank. Elongation during translation does NOT involve ____________.
Question 16 options:
| the translation of codons according to the genetic code | |
| the formation of bonds catalyzed by the ribosome | |
| complementary base pairing between RNA molecules | |
| amino acids being linked together in a polypeptide | |
| reading the DNA template 3' to 5' |
For a given gene, what establishes the reading frame for translation?
Question 17 options:
| the location of the enhancer relative to the gene | |
| the first three nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA | |
| the first three nucleotides at the 3' end of the mRNA | |
| the start codon in the mRNA | |
| the location of the promoter relative to the gene |
Which of the following is the LEAST likely direct consequence of a substitution mutation?
Question 18 options:
| changing the length of a protein coded for by a gene | |
| changing one amino acid in a protein | |
| creating a stop codon | |
| eliminating a start codon | |
| changing the length of the DNA molecule containing a gene |
Suppose that the pre-mRNA transcript from a eukaryotic gene is 30,000 nucleotides long, and the gene codes for a sequence of 300 amino acids. What is the best explanation for the relationship between these numbers?
Question 19 options:
| only the first 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated | |
| it takes 100 nucleotides to specify a single amino acid | |
| 300 of the nucleotides in the transcript are important, and the rest are "junk" | |
| only the last 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated | |
| large portions of pre-mRNA transcripts are cut out during RNA processing |
Suppose an individual is born into a population with a novel mutation. Is the new mutation an evolutionary change, and why?
Question 20 options:
| no, because it is not a big enough change to count | |
| yes, because new mutations are always adaptive | |
| yes, because the appearance of a new genetic variant is a genetic change in a population | |
| no, because not enough individuals have the mutation for it to matter | |
| no, because most mutations are not adaptive |
