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BI110 Chapter Notes - Chapter 19: Cell Membrane, Exocytosis, Motor Protein

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mauveleopard62
23 Jan 2019
School
WLU
Department
Biology
Course
BI110
Professor
Matthew Smith

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Document Summary

The vesicle is a membrane-bound structure that distinguishes endocytosis and exocytosis from diffusion or protein transport. Endocytosis refers to the movement of materials into a cell using a vesicle, and exocytosis is the use of a vesicle to send materials out of the cell. Both processes involve movement of materials across the plasma membrane. Endocytosis can be further divided into: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Vesicles move large items out of the cell. Exocytosis allows the cell to secrete a wide variety of materials from the inside of the cell to the external environment. The vesicles (carrying materials) fuses with the plasma membrane, where materials are released. Secretion involves three key steps: materials are targeted to vesicles, the vesicles move to the proper location, signals trigger the release of materials from the vesicles. Neurotransmitters are loaded into the vesicles from the cytoplasm. Motor proteins attached to the vesicles move them along the microtubules of the cell"s cytoskeleton.

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Related Questions

Fill in the blank assignment

Biological membranes are primarily formed from two types oforganic molecules, (16)______, composed of amino acids and(17)_____, composed of phosphates, glycerol and fatty acids.Membranes are (18)___ ____ to molecules allowing some to freelypass through and restricting or preventing the passage of others.Molecules may cross membranes on their own moving from areas ofhigher to lower concentration, with no expenditure of externalenergy, in a process called (19)____. Protein molecules that spanthe membrane may assist or carry other molecules across themembrane, (20)_____ _____, also from areas of higher to lowerconcentration. (21)____ _____ moves molecules across membranes fromareas of lower to higher concentration with the use of energy inthe form of ATP. As opposed to the process of passive transport,illustrated by answers (19) and (20), molecules move against their(22) ______ _______.

If you compare two situations on either side of a cellularmembrane, they are said to be (23)_____ if their soluteconcentrations are equal. Solutions that have higher soluteconcentrations are (24)_____ when compared to solutions with lowersolute concentrations, (25)______. If molecules or substances aretoo large to pass through membranes on their own or with the use ofprotein carriers, vesicles may help to move these materials in orout of the cell as vesicles fuse with or pinch off membranes. This(26)____ ____ of materials is called (27)____ if materials aremoved into cells. The transport of lage solids or "cell-eating" is(28)_____. Entry of liquids is termed (29)____ or "cell drinking."Movement of materials out of the cell is (30)_____.

Biological membranes are primarily formed from two types oforganic molecules, (16)______, composed of amino acids and(17)_____, composed of phosphates, glycerol and fatty acids.Membranes are (18)___ ____ to molecules allowing some to freelypass through and restricting or preventing the passage of others.Molecules may cross membranes on their own moving from areas ofhigher to lower concentration, with no expenditure of externalenergy, in a process called (19)____. Protein molecules that spanthe membrane may assist or carry other molecules across themembrane, (20)_____ _____, also from areas of higher to lowerconcentration. (21)____ _____ moves molecules across membranes fromareas of lower to higher concentration with the use of energy inthe form of ATP. As opposed to the process of passive transport,illustrated by answers (19) and (20), molecules move against their(22) ______ _______.

If you compare two situations on either side of a cellularmembrane, they are said to be (23)_____ if their soluteconcentrations are equal. Solutions that have higher soluteconcentrations are (24)_____ when compared to solutions with lowersolute concentrations, (25)______. If molecules or substances aretoo large to pass through membranes on their own or with the use ofprotein carriers, vesicles may help to move these materials in orout of the cell as vesicles fuse with or pinch off membranes. This(26)____ ____ of materials is called (27)____ if materials aremoved into cells. The transport of lage solids or "cell-eating" is(28)_____. Entry of liquids is termed (29)____ or "cell drinking."Movement of materials out of the cell is (30)_____.

1) Which of the following statements about transport into the mitochondria is FALSE?

a) The signal sequence on proteins destined for the mitochondria is recognized by a receptor protein in the outer membrane of the mitochondria.

b) Proteins that are transported into the mitochondria are unfolded as they are being transported.

c) Transport of proteins into the mitochondria requires SRP and the SRP receptor.

d) After a protein is made in the cytosol it must move through two protein translocators to reach the inner mitochondrial matrix.

2.Which coat protein is involved in vesicle formation during endocytosis – vesicle forms from plasma membrane and fuses with endosomes?

a) COPI
b) COPII

c) v-SNARES d) Clathrin

3. Which of the following statements about vesicular membrane fusion is TRUE?

a) Membrane fusion does not always immediately follow vesicle docking.

b) The interactions of the v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs pull the vesicle membrane and the target organelle together so that their lipids can intermix.

c) NSF and SNAP disassemble the SNARE complex so the SNAREs can be recycled.

d) All of the above are true.