Psychology 3301F/G Chapter 13: Psych 3301 Chapter 13
27 Apr 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Psych 3301 Chapter 13
• Children and youth don’t have the resources to seek, attend, and pay for
psychological services unless parents facilitate it-they are the gatekeepers
• Even though parent motivation is a necessary condition it is not sufficient for
positive change to be achieved
• the parent-therapist alliance is related to participation in therapy with those parents
reporting a stronger alliance participating more in services and canceling fewer
sessions
• Youth-therapist alliance is related to improvements of symptoms
• In some jurisdictions consent procedures are determined by chronological age while
in others there is no age criterion and the psychologist can determine whether the
young client can understand and consent
• Levitt concluded there was no evidence for the efficacy of child psychotherapy
In the 1980s and 1990s 4 large-scale meta-analyses scrutinized child psychotherapy
outcome:
• John Weisz and co. reasoned if a treatment uses an artificial activity to train a skill it
is simply not fair to use a score on that same activity as a measure of treatment
outcome and using this reasoning excluded outcomes from artificial activities and
retained outcomes from real-world activities and found an effect size of 0.79
• Meta-analysis by Kazdin et al. pointed out a troubling discrepancy between the
nature of psychotherapy research and the nature of clinical practice where
treatment studies involved volunteer samples treated in a group format meanwhile
surveys indicated that clinical samples involved individual treatment for people who
were referred
• Kazdin and co. also thought treatment researchers needed to pay more attention to
characteristics of the child, parent, family and therapist
Weighted least squares method: conservative way of calculating effect sizes by assigning
less weight to studies with greater error variance and more heavily weighing those with
less error variance
• one obstacle to the adoption of efficacious treatments is clinicians being unaware of
them
• many of the efficacious treatments for children involve parent learning strategies
• most effective treatments for childhood disorders fall under behavioral, cognitive-
behavioral, and interpersonal approaches
**Exhibit 13.1 P.480**
Ethnic invariance: implies that evidence-based treatment yields equivalent results for
ethnic minority youth
Ethnic disparity: implies that treatment is not as powerful when applied to ethnic minority
youth and the treatment requires adaptation
• results demonstrated ethnic disparity but not always in favour of the majority youth
• In 2010 the American Psychological Association established a framework for the
development of clinical practice guidelines
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Since 1997 the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has published
many practice parameters and guidelines including treatment of anxiety, ADHD,
conduct disorder, and PTSD
• NICE has published guidelines on treatment of ADHD, conduct disorder, depression,
psychosis and schizophrenia in children and adolescents
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) reflects a pattern of persistent negative and hostile
behavior that is usually evident before the age of 8 and have problems in school and home
context; often proceeds conduct disorder (CD)
Conduct disorder (CD): involved a pattern of serious violations of the rights of others
including aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness and violation of rules
Parent Management Training (PMT) Gerald Patterson, grounded in social learning theory
and assumption that oppositional child behavior can be changed by modifying the child’s
social environment rather than working directly with the child; maladaptive patterns of
interaction encourage parent/child inappropriate behaviors
Coercive exchanges: parent-child interactions in which the parent unintentionally rewards
the child for whining or aggression and the child rewards the parent for giving in to his or
her complaints
• In well-functioning families children learn prosocial ways to resolve conflict but in
families with aggressive children the child learns coercive ways to get what they
want
Patterson 5 parenting practices associated with development of prosocial or deviant
behavior: skill encouragement, discipline, monitoring, problem-solving, and positive
involvement
• Idea behind the treatment is to train parents of children with behavior problems to
parent in the same way as parents whose children have no problems
• Parents meet with a therapist who teaches them core skills
Core parenting skills
Positive involvement: giving loving attention
Skill encouragement: breaking behaviors into small steps, prompting appropriate behavior
through clear rules and cues, and expressing contingent positive reinforcement
Discipline: setting limits and using mild sanctions
Monitoring: tracking the child’s whereabouts and activities (when kid is younger)
Problem solving: establishing clear rules, negotiating (when kid is older), and establishing
consequences
Positive reinforcement: any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being
repeated
Time out: a parenting strategy in which the child does not have access to reinforcers for a
brief period following misbehavior
• PMT focuses not only on parents behavior toward the child but also the ways that
parents understand the child’s misbehavior
• Parent-child warmth is associated with parental monitoring and adolescent-parent
contempt is associated with inconsistent and disrupted parental monitoring
Parental monitoring: parents’ awareness and tracking of the child’s activities
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
In the 1980s and 1990s 4 large-scale meta-analyses scrutinized child psychotherapy outcome: Ethnic invariance: implies that evidence-based treatment yields equivalent results for ethnic minority youth. Ethnic disparity: implies that treatment is not as powerful when applied to ethnic minority youth and the treatment requires adaptation: results demonstrated ethnic disparity but not always in favour of the majority youth. Oppositional defiant disorder (odd) reflects a pattern of persistent negative and hostile behavior that is usually evident before the age of 8 and have problems in school and home context; often proceeds conduct disorder (cd) Conduct disorder (cd): involved a pattern of serious violations of the rights of others including aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness and violation of rules. Coercive exchanges: parent-child interactions in which the parent unintentionally rewards the child for whining or aggression and the child rewards the parent for giving in to his or her complaints.
