Psychology 2032A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 14: Penile Plethysmograph, Sam Groth, Rape Fantasy
6 Jun 2018
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Chapter 14: Sexual Offenders
Extent of Sexual Offending
• On par with homicide in terms of how perpetrators are vilified by society
• 20, 735 sexual assaults in 2014
• 4452 sexual assaults against children in 2014
- These often go unreported because:
o Fearful about what will happen to them or their parents
o Do’t thik the ill e elieed
o They believe they are to blame
o Not aware that what was happening was unacceptable
• The rate of sexual assault in Aboriginal populations is double the rate compared to non-
Aboriginal populations
• Inaccurate official estimates because majority of victims do not report crime
- 95% of adult sexual assault victims did not report the assault
o Vitis feel the atter is’t iportat eough
o Fear revenge from offender
o Believe the polie ould’t fid the offeder aas
o Do’t at to get the offeder i troule
o Fear they would bring shame/dishonor to their family
o The atter is too persoal ad do’t at others to ko
o Simply do not want to involve the police and deal with court
• High rates among child and youth (1 in 20) and adult women (1 in 5)
- Females – 17% and males – 8%
• Victimization often ignored is male rape by a female perpetrator
• High victim rates:
- Rapists: on average 7 victims
o Report 6x as many victims as had been recorded
- Female-victim child molesters: on average 20 victims
- Male-victim child molesters: on average 150 victims
- Molesters report having an average of 88 victims
- Sexual offenders tend to under-report their number
o They state on average 2, but they have been found an average of 184 victims
once incarcerated and placed in treatment
• 10% to 20% of men admitted to sexually assaulting women or children
Definition of Sexual Assault
• Prior to 1983: a male person commits rape when he has sexual intercourse with a
feale perso ho is ot his ife… ithout her oset
- Changed to include more diverse sexual relationships and more representative of
the nature of sexual assault
• Any non-consensual sexual act by either male or female person to either a male or
female person, regardless of the relationship between the people involved
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• Three levels:
- Simple sexual assault (maximum 10 years)
- Sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm (maximum 14 years)
- Aggravated sexual assault (life)
Consequences for Victims
• Disrupts social, sexual and occupational functioning
- Increases anxiety and depression
o 30% contract STDs; 5% get pregnant
• Rape trauma syndrome:
- Acute phase: heightened levels of fear, anxiety and depression
o Lasts for several days/weeks
o Often ask questions why it happened to them
o Engage in self-blame
o Heightened levels of distrust and self-doubt are common
- Long-term phase: development of phobias, chronic physical health problems, etc.
o Lasts from a few months to several years
▪ ¼ do’t reover after several years
o Phobias: leaving the house along
o Often make dramatic changes in their lifestyle
o Experience back pain, muscle tension, headaches, sleep problems
• Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- DSM-5; traumatic/stress disorder as a result of:
o Avoidance of stimuli, reoccurring distressing memories, a negatively altered
cognition and mood, altered state of arousal and reactivity
o After 1 month, 65% participants were diagnosed with PTSD
▪ Changed to 47% after 9 months
▪ 15% still had’t reoered 15 oths later
Rape Myths
• Sexual assault is not a common problem
• Sexual assault is most often committed by strangers
• Woe ask for it the a the dress or at
• Avoid being along in dark, deserted places to protect yourself
• Women lie about sexual assault
Classification Sexual Offenders
• Voyeurs: observers unsuspecting people who are naked
- Usually strangers
- Could be in the process of undressing or engaging in sexual activity
• Exhibitionists: obtains sexual gratification by exposing themselves
• Voyeurs and exhibitionists are sometimes referred to hands-off and no-contact sexual
offenders
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find more resources at oneclass.com
• Rapists: sexually assaults someone over the age of 16
• Pedophiles: loe of hildre
- Primary sexual orientation is toward children
- Not necessarily a child molester → they may have never offended against a child
• Child Molesters: either intra-familial (incest offender) or extra-familial
- Someone who has sexually molested a child
•
Rapist Typologies – MTC: R3
• Opportunistic: commits sexual assault that is generally impulsive, void of sexual
fantasies, controlled primarily by situational or contextual factors and void of gratuitous
violence
- Often engage in other criminal behaviour
- A rapist breaks in to steal, and ends up raping the occupant
• Pervasively angry: high level of angry directed toward men and women
- Tend to be impulsive, use unnecessary force, cause serious victim injury and be void
of sexual fantasies
• Sexual: primarily motivated by sexual preoccupation or sexual fantasies
• Sadistic: must be a sadistic element to the offence
- Divided into overt or muted based on the presence or absence of gratuitous violence
o Differ on the prevalence of psychopathy, rates of sexual recidivism and
treatment needs
o Muted has been dropped since it has not been supported
• Vindictive: anger is focused solely on women
- Not impulsive or preoccupied by sexual fantasies
- Goal is to demean and degrade the victim
• Opportunistic, sexual and vindictive subtypes are further subdivided based on their level
of social competence
Groth Typologies
• Anger rapists: use of more force than necessary to obtain compliance and engagement
in a variety of sexual acts to degrade the victim
- High levels directed towards women
- Not being motivated primarily by sexual gratification
- 50% fit this type → precipitated by conflict or perceived humiliation by some
significant women (wife, mother, boss)
• Power rapists: intention to assert dominance and control over the victim
- Variation in the amount of force – depends on the degree of submission
- Not motivated by sexual gratification, but frequent rape fantasies
- 40% fit this type
• Sadistic rapists: obtaining sexual gratification by hurting the victim
- High levels of victim injury, including torture and sometimes death
- Frequent violent sexual fantasies
- 5% fit this type
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Extent of sexual offending: on par with homicide in terms of how perpetrators are vilified by society, 20, 735 sexual assaults in 2014, 4452 sexual assaults against children in 2014. Inaccurate official estimates because majority of victims do not report crime. Females 17% and males 8: victimization often ignored is male rape by a female perpetrator, high victim rates: Rapists: on average 7 victims: report 6x as many victims as had been recorded. Female-victim child molesters: on average 20 victims. Male-victim child molesters: on average 150 victims. Molesters report having an average of 88 victims. Definition of sexual assault: prior to 1983: a male person commits rape when he has sexual intercourse with a fe(cid:373)ale perso(cid:374) (cid:449)ho is (cid:374)ot his (cid:449)ife (cid:449)ithout her (cid:272)o(cid:374)se(cid:374)t. Sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm (maximum 14 years) Consequences for victims: disrupts social, sexual and occupational functioning. Increases anxiety and depression: 30% contract stds; 5% get pregnant, rape trauma syndrome:
