Nursing 1180A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Supernumerary Nipple, Nipple Discharge, Lactiferous Duct
29 Jun 2016
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Newborns, infants, and children: bubble baths may cause dermatitis, frequent pain with urination. Expected finding, will resolve spontaneously: supernumerary (accessory) nipple. If present, should evaluate kidneys due to association of renal anomalies. Adolescents: puberty causes development of secondary sex characteristics due to hormones, adipose tissue and lactiferous ducts grow in response to estrogen, lobular growth and alveolar budding occurs from progesterone, menarche = beginning of menstruation. Older adults: bleeding post-menopause must be investigated immediately, dryness, itching, or secretions may be from decreased estrogen, incontinence. Ductal system expands, secretory alveoli develop, breasts enlarge, areolae become larger, darker, and more prominent. Stimulated by placental hormones: colostrum milk precursor, occurs during fourth month of pregnancy. Rich in protein, carbohydrates, and antibodies, low in fat. Smooth muscle in nipple and areola contracts to express milk from the sinuses: alveolar cells produce breast milk rich in antibodies to protect against infection, rich in proteins and lactose. Female genital mutation: cultural/religious practice mostly in africa.
