Mathematics 1228A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Goal Setting, Sport Psychology, Free Throw
29 Apr 2018
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Chapter 4: Sport Psychology
INTRODUCTION
2 Reasons to see a sport psychologist:
1) To seek help with specific problems
e.g., performance anxiety and lack of self-confidence
2) To work to improve mental side of sport
e.g., imagery and attention control
- Psychological skill training= a poga/iteetio that’s stutued ad osistet patie of
psychological skills and generally has 3 distinct phases:
i) Education= athlete recognizes the importance of mental skills and how the skills affect
performance
ii) Acquisition= focus on helping athletes get and use the various psychological skills
effectively
iii) Practice= goal is to have the athlete automate the skills through overlearning and
implement it into practice/competitions
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS IN TRAINING PROGRAMS
Most extensively and incorporated psychological skills training programs include:
- Goal setting (most common)
- Imagery
- Self-talk
- Arousal regulation
- Attention control
GOAL SETTING
➢ Types of Goals
Goal= a target or objective that people strive to attain
3 types of goals athletes can set:
i) *Performance goals= focus on improving and attaining personal performance standards
(e.g., running a faster time)
ii) Process goals= focus on specific behaviours athletes must have through a performance (e.g.,
having a follow through arm when making a bball shot)
iii) Goal setting= patie of estalishig desiale ojeties fo oe’s atios
➢ Effectiveness of Goal Setting
Goals:
- Direct attention
- Mobilize effort
- Foster persistence
- Promote development of new learning strategies
o Moderately difficult goals result in better performance
- self-confidence and sense of satisfaction
- manage stress and remain optimistic
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➢ Assessing Goals
Performance profiling= fleile assesset tool that idetifies athlete’s stegths ad eakesses
o First step in developing intervention + can be used to help set goals
5 Steps to Performance Profiling:
i) Think of the best person in the sport and their key performance characteristics. These
include: physical, technical, tactical, and mental characteristics
ii) Make a rating for each of your characteristics; this rating is also your target.
• 1-, = ot ipotat at all = eteel ipotat
iii) Rate your current ability for each characteristic
• 1-, = ot at all like e = opletel like e
iv) Find your discrepancy score. discrepancy score= weakest characteristics
• Current rating- ideal rating= discrepancy score
v) Prioritize your targets. After identifying weaknesses (highest discrepancy scores), pick out
2/3 that are most in need of correction
➢ Recommendations for Goal Setting
- Goals should be SMART
o Specific, Measurable, Adjustable, Realistic, Timely
Goal- Setting Guidelines:
• Set goals for practice + competition
• Make goals public
• State goals positively rather than negatively
• Consider the 4 types of team goals
i) Individual goal for self
ii) Idiidual’s goal fo the tea
iii) Tea’s oeall goal
iv) Tea’s goal fo idiidual ees
• Review goals regularly
➢ Common Goal Setting Problems:
- Most common mistake is setting too many goals
- Failing to recognize individual differences in goal-setting interest
- Underestimating the time required to set goals
- Failing to provide follow-up and evaluation
➢ Conclusions about Goal Setting
- All psychological skills training programs include goal settings
IMAGERY
- Imagery is the etal pilla of applied spot psholog
o Coaches view imagery as one of the most important psychological skills to teach their
athletes
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find more resources at oneclass.com
➢ The Nature of Imagery
- Athletes use as many senses as possible including: sight, sound, smell, touch and kinesthetic*
o The more polysensory the image, the more real it becomes, and the more effective it
will be on sport performance
- Imagery= an experience that mimics real experience. We a e aae of seeig a iage,
feeling movements as an image, or experiencing an image of smell, tastes, or sounds without
actually experiencing the real thing. Sometimes people find that it helps to close their eyes. It
differs from dreams in that we are awake and conscious when we form an image.
➢ Analytic Model of Imagery
- Imagery= cognitive + motivational+ specific/general level
- Cognitive general imagery= images of strategies, game plans or routines
o E.g., imaging a floor routine in gymnastics
- Cognitive specific Imagery= images of specific sport skills
o E.g., imaging a free throw in basketball
- Motivational general imagery= Images relating to physiological arousal levels and emotions
o E.g., imaging feeling calm and relaxed in front of a crowd
- Motivational specific imagery= iages elated to a idiidual’s goals
o E.g., imaging receiving a gold medal
- Motivational general-arousal= imagery associated with arousal and stress
o E.g., anger, anxiety, excitement, fear, pressure & feeling psyched up before competition
are related to levels of state anxiety
- *Motivational general- mastery= Imagery associated with being mentally tough, in control and
self-confident *most used imagery*
o self- efficacy and self-confidence
4 Reasons to Use Imagery:
- Cognition
o enhances learning and performance of motor skills
▪ E.g., play strategies such as: football plays, wrestling strategies, soccer
strategies, climbing
- Motivation
o Develop and motivate to attain goals
- Healing
- Pain management
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Document Summary
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