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Biochemistry 2280A Chapter Notes - Chapter 13: Lipid Bilayer, Inner Membrane, Motility

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School
Western University
Department
Biochemistry
Course
Biochemistry 2280A
Professor
Chris Brandl

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Document Summary

Topic 10: citric acid cycle p430-437 print panel 13-3 p434-435. Several organic molecules are converted to acetyl coa in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate produced by glycolysis is actively pumped into the mitochondrial matrix, where it is rapidly decarboxylated by a giant complex of three enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Products of pyruvate decarboxylation are co2 (a waste product), nadh, and acetyl coa. Like sugar, fat is a major source of energy, like the pyruvate derived from glycolysis, the fatty acids derived from fat are also converted into acetyl coa in the mitochondrial matrix. Two activated carriers nadh and another high-energy electron carrier, fadh2 are also produced. In addition to pyruvate and fatty acids, some aas are transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix, where they are also converted into acetyl coa, or one of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

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Related Questions

30. In final step of the triacylglycerol biosynthesis, which of the following is added to the diacylglycerol?

A. Acetyl-CoA

B. Phosphatidic acid

C. Fatty acyl-CoA

D. Glycerol-3-P

31. The activation of long chain fatty acids requires which of the following?

A. 2 ATPs

B. 2 ATPs and Co-A

C. 2 ATP, CoA and fatty-acyl CoA

D. 2 ATPs and a fatty acid.

32. What is the metabolic pathway that does not involve succinyl-CoA?

A. Ketone bodies to acetyl CoA

B. Odd chain fatty acid oxidation

C. Even chain fatty acid oxidation

D. TCA cycle

33. In order to break down fatty acids, they are first transported into the mitochondrial matrix by conversion of the fatty acid from a covalent complex with CoA to one with:

A. Citrate.

B. Oxaloacetate.

C. Malate.

D. Carnitine.

E. Pyruvate.

34. Regarding carnitine shuttle, the enzyme translocase involves which of the following pair?

A. Fatty acyl & CoA

B. Fatty acyl-carnitine & carnitine

C. Fatty acyl CoA & carnitine

D. Fatty acyl & carnitine

35. The family of drugs that are called "statins" (e.g. lipitor) are effective at lowering plasma levels of cholesterol because they:

A. slow the rate of cholesterol uptake from plasma into the cell.

B. increase the rate of synthesis of cholesterol inside the cell.

C. inhibit the activity of a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthetic pathway.

D. prevent the synthesis of Mevalonate

Question 18

The process that forms new glucose in the liver is called ...

A.

glycogenolysis

B.

Krebs cycle

C.

lipolysis

D.

gluconeogenisis

E.

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 57

A person exercises in their “fat burning zone” for 4 hours at 35% VO2peak. The O2 cost of exercise at that work rate is 0.5L/minute. Following exercise the subject rewards himself with an ice-cream sundae (700kcal). The following statement is true(assume 5kcal/lit of O2):

A.

The subject is in neutral energy balance

B.

The subject consumed fewer calories than they expended during exercise

C.

The subject consumed more calories than they expended during exercise

D.

Can’t say

Question 52

The primary purpose of the citric acid cycle is...

aerobic glycolysis

gluconeogenesis using lactate

the decarboxylation of carbon compounds to produce NADH.

the shuttling of hydrogen ions through the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 51

In aerobic ATP production, the role of oxygen is to...

to keep the electron transport chain operational

to accept electrons from the 3rd cytochrome and thereby oxidizing it so it can accept new electrons

act as a oxidizing agent by accepting electrons from the electron transport chain and combining with hydrogen ions (protons)

all of the above

Question 50

Glucose is necessary for fatty acid oxidation because...

its derivative, pyruvate, is condensated with carbonic acid to form oxaloacetate, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

it is needed to convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA which in turn is oxidized to acetyl CoA

glucose is decarboxylated into cytochrome oxidase which is a necessary intermediate in the citric acid cycle

its derivative, acetyl CoA, is condensated with carbonic acid to form lactase, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

_____What is added to a molecule such as ADP when it is phosphorylated?

_____ An anaerobic process in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

_____ A biochemical process that breaks down food molecules to produce other molecules for cellular maintenance.

_____What is the final end product of Glycolysis?

_____ Refers to the potential energy provided by a large hydrogen-cation concentration gradient, and it’s movement across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

_____ A molecule that transfers or shuttles electrons during redox reactions.

_____ An organism that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

_____ A type of enzyme that teams with NAD+ to remove hydrogen atoms with their electrons.

_____ The loss of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A process in which ATP is produced using the energy stored in concentration gradients.

_____ The products produced during a biochemical reaction that fall between the starting molecule and the end product.

_____ Biochemical process in which a glucose molecule is degraded to two pyruvates.

_____ Short for “reduction/oxidation” reactions

_____How many pyruvate molecules are produced from a single Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

_____ The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP.

_____ Organisms that will die in the presence of oxygen.

_____ A term referring to the presence of oxygen.

_____ A series of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

_____ A biochemical process in which pyruvate is produced without the presence of oxygen.

20._____ The metabolic cycle that is fueled by Acetyl CoEnzyme A; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain.

_____What is the chemical formula for Cellular Respiration?

_____What environmental condition is necessary for Anaerobic Respiration to occur?

_____Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria?

_____Where does Glycolysis occur in a cell?

_____ An anaerobic process in which CO2 is released as a byproduct and ethanol is produced as a product.

_____Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria?

_____ The gain of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A high-energy fuel molecule that begins the Citric Acid Cycle.

_____What condition is necessary of Aerobic Respiration to occur?

_____ A term referring to the absence of oxygen.

_____What compound is derived from B vitamins, and helps the Acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA into the Krebs Cycle?

_____What is the name of the molecule that channels protons, providing the energy necessary to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP’s that can be synthesized from 3 NADH molecules.

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP’s that can be synthesized from a single FADH2 molecule.

_____What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

_____What molecule is regenerated during the process of the Krebs Cycle?

_____What enzyme is used to catalyzed the reaction that occurs during the formation of Acetyl CoA?

_____How many pyruvates are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____What is the reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide?

_____What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

42._____ A membrane protein that is used in conjunction with chemiosmosis to produced ATP.

I know that this alot of questions, but it's kinda a last ditch effort. these are the last 42 definitions i have left to answer out of 500 question for my final exam study guide. so whatever help i can get is fine. No explanations needed just what each definition is explaining and thanks in advance ladies and gentlemen.