PHL201H1 Chapter : Notes simplified from the textbook! (pg 51-55)

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29 May 2011

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Argu ments: argument #1: from super dominance, the possibility that god exists is greater than zero b. If you assume that god exists, and he does, then you have gained everything in eternity in heaven. If god does not exists, then you have lost nothing (thus, the. Bible is wrong) c: therefore, the better bet is to assume that god does exist, argument #2: from expectation, one has to decide whether god exist b. If what was at stake in the wager was one or two extra lifetimes of living, then one would still be wise to believe in. God in the hope that he did exist, and that one would be rewarded: but what are at stake are not one, two or three extra lifetimes. I t is an infinite interval of living. Heaven for believing in god is of infinite: thus, a person is stupid for not believing in god"s existence www. notesolution. com.

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Astrophysicists in the 1960s tried to explain the existence and thestructure of pulsars â extremely regular astronomical sources ofradio pulses whose periods ranged from seconds to milliseconds. Atone point, these radio sources were given the acronym LGM, standingfor âLittle Green Men,â a reference to the idea that they might besignals of extraterrestrial civilizations. The explanation giventoday is no less interesting. Consider the following. Our Sun,which is a fairly typical star, has a mass of 1.99x10^30 kg and aradius of 6.69x10^8 m. Although it does not rotate uniformly,because it isnât a solid body, its average rate of rotation isabout 1 rev / 25 days. Stars larger than the sun can end theirlives in spectacular explosions called supernovae, leaving behindcollapsed remnants of the stars called neutron stars. Neutron starshave masses comparable to the original masses of the stars, butradii of only a few kilometers. These stars emit beams of radiowaves. Because of the rapid angular speed of the stars, the beamssweep past Earth at regular, very short, intervals. To produce theobserved radio-wave pulses, the star has to rotate at rates fromabout 1 rev/s to 1000 rev/s.

a. Estimate the rotation rate of the Sun if it were to collapseinto a neutron star of radius 10 km. The Sun is not a uniformsphere of gas, and its moment of inertia is given by I = 0.059MR2.Assume that the neutron star is spherical and has a uniform massdistribution.
b. Is the rotational kinetic energy of our Sun greater of smallerafter the collapse? By what factor does it change, and where doesthe energy go to or come from?

Consider three identical spherical conductors. One conductor,labeled A, is given a
charge of 7mC of type Nell. The charge state of the second andthird conductors, B and C, are unknown. The conductors undergo asequence of 3 contacts that occur ONLY between pairs of conductors.After the contacts, the net charge on each conductor is A: (0.25mCof type Nell), B: (1.875mC of type Nell) and C: (1.875mC of typeNell). Letâs make the assumption that the type Paul charge statecorresponds to an excess of electrons.

Because these three spheres are ______________________ the_______________ can be
freely exchanged between any pair of conductors in contact. Sincethese conductive
spheres all have the same size, when the spheres are placed incontact the ______
_____________ will evenly distribute between the two spheres.Because charge is a
property of particles and the particles can not be destroyed ANDthere is no outside
source of charge, the _______________ charge of the ______________must remain
constant at 4mC of type Nell. Based on this information, we candetermine that the
charge of at least one of B or C must be of type_______________.

To determine the order of contacts we must start from the lastcontact and work our way to the first contact. It is important tonote that because we have no initial charge state information forspheres B and C that we have the ability to make an arbitrarydecision about the initial charge state of these two spheres. Inother words, the charge states of sphere B and C areinterchangeable. Third and last Contact: Because spheres ________and _______ have the same charge we can determine that they were______ in contact. If we look at spheres B and C as the system, wefind that the total charge of the sub system consisting of B and Cwas ______________ of type _________.

Second contact: We can safely assume that A touched either B or Cprior to B and C
being brought into contact. Here we can make the arbitrary choicethat B touched A in the second contact. If this is the case, weknow that the charge of B ___________ it touched C must have been______________ of type __________ because it must have the sameamount and type of charge as the final state of _______. Therefore,at this instant we know that the charge on sphere C was________________ of type ____________________ it touched B.

First contact: Now we have an interesting situation. We find thatthe charge state of
sphere C would be consistent with sphere C being initially____________ and being
placed in contact with _______________ since the charge state of Cis exactly
__________ that of ____________ initially. This would mean that thecharge state of
sphere A after contact with ______ would be _____________ of type__________.
However, we already determined that the __________ charge of thesystem containing sphere _______ and sphere _______ in the secondcontact was ____________ of type __________. The only way this ispossible is if sphere B has a charge of __________ of type____________.

Final Results
The initial charge state of sphere Ais:_________________________________________
The initial charge state of sphere Bis:_________________________________________
The initial charge state of sphere Cis:_________________________________________
In the first contact of sphere ___________ to sphere_________________ how many
electrons were transferred from one sphere to the other?
In the second contact of sphere ___________ to sphere_________________ how many
electrons were transferred from one sphere to the other?
In the third contact of sphere ___________ to sphere_________________ how many
electrons were transferred from one sphere to the other?

PHL201H1 Chapter : Notes simplified from the textbook! (pg 51-55)

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