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IMM250H1 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Lymphopoiesis, Adaptive Immune System, T Cell

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raspberrypig77
10 Mar 2018
School
UTSG
Department
Immunology
Course
IMM250H1
Professor
Dana Philpott

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Document Summary

In contrast, t cell maturation occurs in the thymus: both the bone marrow and thymus are considered primary lymphoid organs because they are the sites where lymphocytes undergo their development from precursor cells. After a b or t lymphocyte expresses its antigen receptor it is released into the blood circulation as a mature lymphocyte. In contrast, the tcr recognizes only protein antigens, and furthermore, these are not recognized in an intact form: once a b cell is activated by antigen (left-side of fig. 4-7), it can differentiate into an effector cell known as an plasma cell, which is specialized to secrete large quantities of antibodies. These antibodies have the same structure and specificity as the bcr on the surface of the activated b cell, so these secreted proteins bind the same antigen that triggered their production. They are secreted from the plasma cell because they are produced without the transmembrane region that would otherwise anchor the protein in cellular membranes.

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Related Questions

1. Why is the process of gene rearrangement used in creating antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) so important?

A. This is how our systems produce memory of pervious exposures, a key trait in adaptive immune responses.

B. Without it, we would need a single gene for every antibody and TCR required to mount all the possible responses need ed during our lives

C. interactions with antigens stimulate cells to initiate these processes, building the best and strongest response possible to the antigen

D. this is the same DNA altering process that leads to cancer. Understanding it leads to better treatments for cancer

2. Which of the following is NOT an antimicrobial substance?

A. keratin

B. Lysozyme

C. Defensins

D. Lactoferrins

E. Peroxidases

3. Which of the following is NOT an outcome of fever?

A. Direct destruction of microbes

B. increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

C. increased production of lymphocytes

D. increased phagocytic killing by leukocytes

E. increased production of interferons

4. Which of the following pattern recognition receptors is/are anchored in the host cell membrane?

A. Only C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

B. Only RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

C. TLR and CLRs

D. Only toll-like receptors (TLRs)

E. NLRs and RLRs

F. Only NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

5. Fever allows the body to fight microbial invaders by which of the following mechanisms?

A.Fever plays all of these roles in the body

B. Fever prevents microbes with lower optimum temperatures from growing, giving the immune system time to eliminate those cells

C. Fever increases the inflammatory response, but reduces the production of interferons unless the invader is a dsRNA virus

D. A moderate fever reduces the inflammatory response but stimulates phagocytic activity in neutrophils and eosinophils

E. Fever increases the multiplication of lymphocytes and enhances the release of substances that attract basophils that then engulf the microbial invader

6. According to the clonal selection theory

A. Each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody

B. B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

C. Self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus AND B cells producingautoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

D. Seld-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus

7. Apoptosis

A. is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells

B. refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells

C. is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cell AND results specifically in T cell death

D. results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plama cells

8.

How did inoculation with cowpox generate immunological memory and provide protection against smallpox? Did cross-reactivity play a role?

How did Pasteur’s work with attenuated (weakened) bacteria further our understanding of the role vaccination can play?

What are the three characteristics that define an adaptive immune response? Briefly define each of the characteristics.

Define primary versus secondary immune response.

What’s the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and oligopotent when evaluating cell differentiation capacity?

What is hematopoiesis?

What cell types are derived from myeloid versus lymphoid progenitor cells? Describe the function of each WBC type.

What is clonal selection?

What role do antibodies play with regard to antigen recognition and immune defense that is different from what Tcrs provide?

As described in class generally understand the outcome of B cell, Th cell, and Tc cell activation. Understand that these cells can differentiate into effector (plasma cells, cytokine producing Th cells and CTLs) or memory cells.

Understand how granzymes and perforins play a role in apoptosis.

Which types of cells typically express MHC Class II? Do these cell types also express MHC Class I, and if so why?

With regard to Tc and Th cells, what kinds of peptide antigens (think about exogenously versus endogenously derived antigens) are recognized?

Be able to show cooperation between Tc, Th and B cell responses (refer to class notes).

What is the overall role of MHC Class I and II?

What is ADCC and what cell types are involved?

Understand and be able to provide examples highlighting the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Note: ADCC and dendritic cell and macrophage interactions with Th cells illustrate examples of innate/adaptive cooperation.

What are the primary lymphoid organs? What role do they play?

What role does the lymphatic circulatory system play in immune defense?

What’s the difference between plasma, ISF, and lymph?

What’s the difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

How is lymph ultimately delivered back to blood?

Define extravasation. Why is this important?

What are HEVs and what role do they play?

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?

What role do lymph nodes play?

What role does the spleen play?

What is Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

What’s MALT and its role?

What is the inflammatory response and what are characteristics associated with inflammation?

What role does histamine play in the inflammatory response?

True / False Questions

01. _____ Antibody is composed of 2identical long heavy chains and 2 identical shorter lightchains.

02. _____ Variable (V) and constant(C) regions are part of both heavy and light chains.

03. _____ Variable regions for heavyand light chains from the same antibody molecule are alwaysidentical.

04. _____ Variable region of lightchains are encoded by the DNA sequences that contain rearranged V,D, and J segments.

05. _____ Fc part of the antibody isnot important, F(ab’)2 fragment has the same binding andeffector capacity.

06. _____ Fab fragments are generatedby alternative splicing.

07. _____ J chain is used as asurrogate light chain during pre-B cell receptor testing forsuccessful V(D)J rearrangement.

08. _____ Binding of the antigen byantibody is stabilized by disulfide bonds.

09. _____ RAG1/2 are always expressedin B cells at high level, because B cells need RAG1/2 to constantlyrearrange their V regions.

10. _____ “N” (non template)nucleotides are added by TdT.

11. _____ The 12/23 rule is appliedduring class switching.

12. _____ For B cells, V(D)Jrecombination occurs only in the bone marrow.

13. _____ The process of somatichypermutation helps to improve specificity of the antibody.

14. _____ In late pro-B cells, Vsegment is rearranged with DJ segments.

15. _____ Failure to eliminateself-reactive B cells may lead to serious autoimmune diseases.

16. _____ Mature, naïve B cellsexpress IgD and any of the other classes of antibody (IgM, IgG,IgA, or IgE) on their surfaces.

17. _____ B1 cells are present in theperitoneal cavity, pleural spaces and brain.

18. _____ AID (activation inducedcytidine deaminase) is expressed only in B cells and it canintroduce breaks in double stranded DNA.

19. _____ Different classes (isotypes)of antibodies have different effector functions, which aretriggered by special receptors expressed by a variety of cells.

20. _____ Plasma cells are terminallydifferentiated cells that produce large quantities ofantibodies.

21. _____ Repeated exposure to thesame antigen eventually leads to immunological exhaustion and lackof immunity, because there is no room for new plasma cells in thebone marrow.

22. _____ Germinal centers arespecialized sites within the bone marrow where Ig genes ofactivated B cells undergo affinity maturation.

23. _____ B cells can present antigensto T helper cells.

24. _____ Co-stimulatory molecules arerequired for efficient generation of memory B cells.

25. _____ Lymphocytes migrate to thelymphoid tissues in response to chemokines.

26. _____ Class switching duringgerminal center reaction is a random process.

27. _____ T cell independent responsescan generate strong and long lasting B cell memory.

28. _____ Fc receptors that arepresent on many different cell types are crucial for removal of thepathogens.

29. _____ The ideal vaccine should bedesigned to mimic the natural course of infection without causingsymptoms of the disease.

30. _____ The protective immunity canbe generated against any pathogen because there is virtuallyunlimited number of possible V regions, thus any antigen can berecognize by an antibody.