GGRC02H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter week 11: Racialization, Human Services, Sexual Assault
WILLIAMS READING: FROM HUMANITARIAN EXCEPTIONALISM TO CONTINGENT CARE
-in 2005, 2 volunteers from no more deaths were charged with felonies for transporting
3 undocumented migrants to a hospital
orepresents a shift before humanitarian org. were allowed to provide aid to
transport the sick and injured to medical facilities w/o interference from SU
border patrol
onon-government humanitarian work has been criminalized and regulated
-humanitarian border: zones of humanitarian gov. along the territorial edges of nation-
states big development in the history of borders and border making b/c borders and
becoming increasingly militarized
-argues: there has been a shift in informal policy of humanitarian exceptionalism to a
policy of contingent care care then functions as a technology of border enforcement
that extends the reach of the state to govern more bodies (Eg. The sick) and spaces (eg.
Hospitals)
Rise of the necro-political enforcement regime
- since early 1990s, national border have gone through process of opening and closing;
neo-liberal policies opened them for capital, while militarization made it harder for the
mobility of poor people
- US border has gone intense militarization since te early 1990s were discourses of drug-
trafficking, welfare queens, job stealers that proliferated in the political and public
realms
oCliinton administration in 1994 uses lots of fiscal resources to expand US Border
Patrol (eg. Invest in night vision, motion detecting sensors etc.) # of guards
increased from 4200 to over 9200
o9/11 served as further justification for militarization of the border framed as
an issue of national emergency linking border enforcement to terrorism =
expand geography of immigration enforcement and policing
- also saw expansion of border/immigration enforcement to the interior of the US
through local law enforcement agencies allow for enforcement of law far away from
the actual borders of the country
oresults in dramatic increase in deportation; Obama = 1.1m, cost 2.25b
omigrant detention is growing industry 33.4k immigrants detained, 2b
- enforcement has also aimed to surpass borders eg. ICE collaborates w/ foreign gov. for
intelligence sharing, training
oexternalization of immigration control policies
-border fortification is increasing rapidly nation-states are building walls 18b
allocated to immigration (more than any criminal federal law agency)
-strategy has been: “prevention through deterrence and aims to deter unauthorized
migration attempts, by funneling migration routes away from urban areas and into the
deserts/mountains of south Arizona)
obelieve: pushing into mountains = mortal danger = deter from attempting to
cross
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Document Summary
Williams reading: from humanitarian exceptionalism to contingent care in 2005, 2 volunteers from no more deaths were charged with felonies for transporting. Rise of the necro-political enforcement regime since early 1990s, national border have gone through process of opening and closing; neo-liberal policies opened them for capital, while militarization made it harder for the mobility of poor people. Patrol (eg. invest in night vision, motion detecting sensors etc. ) Are outside of the political comm. , their lives are expendable) Resulted in dramatic increase in migrant deaths (20x increase in tucson from 1990- Ud border enforcement policies create a lone of exception in which migrants are transformed into bare life ; those whose deaths are inconsequential terrain of s. Arizona gives gov. moral alibi b/c harsh terrain . Violence inherent in militzared borders has led to creation of the humanitarian border (eg. proliferation of aid, human services, agencies providing food, shelter etc. ) Serves to preserve human life and alleviate suffering.
