BIOB34H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1 (17-19): Phenotypic Plasticity, Hemoglobin, Acclimatization

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amethystfly177

14 Oct 2016

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Animal physiology 4th ed. (chapter 1 from time in the lives of animals, up to size in the lives of animals) Times in the lives of animals: physiology changes in five time frames. The physiology of animal changes from time to time. The five time frames in which physiology changes fall within two spectrums: responses to physiology changes due to external variability, and internal changes with disregard to external variability. Physiology resonds to changes in external environment in three time frames. Acute response is the i(cid:374)di(cid:448)idual"s i(cid:373)(cid:373)ediate respo(cid:374)se to (cid:373)i(cid:374)utes after (cid:272)ha(cid:374)ges i(cid:374) the e(cid:454)ter(cid:374)al environment. Chronic response is the individual animal long term response to changes in the external environment exposed to the animal for a period of time. The importance of acute and chronic responses to changes in the external environment is because time is needed to reconstruct structures and biochemical needed to keep the body at an optimum level despite changes in the external environment.

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In a small paragraph, compare and summarize these two articles.

Article 1 Description

This article is an observational study, which discusses how frequency dependent selection affects two phenotypes of a predator through differential guarding response. The researcher examines the ratio of handedness of two samples of P. microlepis collected from two adjacent sites along Lake Tanganyikaâs northwestern shoreline for a period of eleven years. The process of observations includes observing the correspondence between the handedness of P. microlepis and their targeted prey (Hori, 1993). The researcher carried observations to identify the direction from which P. microlepis attacked the flank of their prey. Moreover, the researcher used a gill net to catch each P. microlepis that attacked the lure. Catching the P. microbes made it possible for the researcher to observe its features and determine its handedness. The researcher determined the handedness of the scales of P. microlepis by observing the fish under a microscope.

During the period of study, Hori (1993) established that the ratio of handedness of P. microbes remained at 0.5 for each one-to-two year intervals throughout the eleven years of the study. Further investigations on temporal changes in handedness ratio showed that the ratio oscillated with amplitude of 0.15 within a five-year period (Hori, 1993). These observations were made for the two species of P. microlepis under investigation. The researcher concludes that the direction of mouth opening of scale eating cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika is determined by the genetics of the fish. The researcher demonstrates that frequency-dependent natural selection determines the number of left-handedness or right-handedness fish. Based on researcherâs observations, when right-handed fish attack from behind, they snatch the scales from their prey from the left flank (Hori, 1993). On the other hand, when left-handed fish attack their prey from behind, they attack the right flank (Hori, 1993). Therefore, fish with rare phenotypes are more successful as predators than ones that have the more predominant phenotype. This study can be used to guide researchers who are interested in seeking ways of increasing the population of different species of fish. It can also be used as a basis for investigations on how fish type determines its survival tactics or predator tactics.

Article 2 Description

The study was an experimental analysis which sought to quantify phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) frequency change over a period of time and compare Pgi genotypes based on physiological responses to high temperatures and subzero thermal extremes encountered by beetles in nature. The research seeks to establish how the local climate in Bishop relates to changes in allele frequency at Pgi and other allozyme loci. It also seeks to establish if ambient temperature of beetle habitants rise to levels that expose beetles to stressful temperature. The researcher also seeks to establish how Pgi genotypes differ physiologically when exposed to subzero temperatures. By answering these questions, the researcher will establish the relationship between changes in enzyme genotype frequency and regional climate changes in addition to investigating major physiological mechanisms through which animals respond to change in climate.

To answer research questions and test research hypothesis, the researchers carried out several experiments and analyses of data. The experimental study involved collecting adult beetles that had emergent recently from pupae for a period of one year between August 1988 and August 1989 (Rank & Dahlhoff, 2002). Their genotype was determined at five different polymorphic enzyme loci. Some of the things analyzed during the study include fluctuations in climate and allele frequency change; daily and annual mean values of air temperature, Effects of Pgi genotype on HSP70 expression, and quantification of Pgi genotype on HSP70 expression among other things (Rank & Dahlhoff, 2002). The study results revealed that although beetle populations were genetically different the FST-values for 1996 were greater for each enzyme locus than those for 1998 (Rank & Dahlhoff, 2002). Moreover, researchers established that the frequency of Pgi allele had increased by 11 percent, a trend that was not observed for all the other loci investigated. Therefore, the researchers conclude that Pgi genotype differences in thermal physiology account for Pgi allele frequency change in nature. Contrary to selected hypothesis that the frequency of Pgi allele should increase with decrease in temperature, the study established that the frequency of Pgi allele decrease with decrease in temperature. This work is important because it provides a basis for more research on how variations in temperature affect beetle populations. The study findings can be used to guide researchers who are interested in seeking ways of protecting endangered beetle populations in different climatic conditions.

Can anyone help me with the following questions, it is due tonight and im having a hard time figuring most of these out and in-between a couple of answers. Thanks!

1. Which of the following is the PRIMARY goal of risk assessment?

A. maximize profit

B. balance risks and benefits

C. reduce liability

D. determine lethal doses

2. The probability of an adverse outcome based on the exposure and potency of a hazardous agent is known as the:

A. toxicity

B. risk

C. hazard

D. margin of safety

E. therapeutic index

3. Risk Assessment includes all the following, except:

A. risk characterization

B. exposure assessment

C. dose-response assessment

D. hazard identification

E. cost-benefit analysis

4. The process of making risk information understood by local officials, community groups and other stakeholders is known as:

A. risk management

B. risk characterization

C. risk communication

D. risk perception

E. risk estimation

5. The Hazard Identification step in the risk assessment paradigm may include which of the following:

A. in vitro testing

B. structure-activity relationships

C. animal bioassays

D. epidemiologic data

E. all of the above

6. A basic premise of carcinogen risk assessment is that:

A. surface area is proportional to body weight

B. chemicals that cause tumors in animals will cause tumors in humans

C. all dosing regimens are equivalent

D. all animal strains are relevant

7. The Point of Departure (POD) for a low-dose extrapolation could be which of the following:

A. NOAEL

B. LOAEL

C. BMDL

D. none of the above

E. all of the above

8. The benchmark dose (BMD) approach is preferred over the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for all the following reasons, except:

A. the full dose-response curve is considered

B. it includes a measure of variability

C. the same benchmark response be used across studies

D. it results in lower reference values

9. A biochemical change, functional impairment, or pathologic lesion affecting an organismâs performance, and reducing its ability to respond to environmental challenges is known in risk assessment as the

A. point of departure

B. benchmark dose

C. adverse effect

D. carcinogenic effect

10. When there is a cancer risk of 1 in 10,000, this is considered to be of

A. high concern

B. moderate concern

C. somewhat low concern

D. no concern at all

11. Which toxicant is commonly found in indoor air due to off-gassing of plywood and furniture?

A. arsenic

B. lead

C. methylene chloride

D. dioxin

E. formaldehyde

12. Which if the following was NOT an event in the United States that triggered widespread awareness of environmental issues in the 1960s?

A. Relocation of families from Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY

B. Cuyahoga River catching on fire in Ohio

C. Publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

D. Nationwide federal ban of smoking cigarettes in bars and restaurants

13. The study of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment is the definition of: A. Environmental toxicology

B. Ecotoxicology

C. Environmental health toxicology

D. Risk assessment

14. An example of an area source of air emissions would be:

A. A volcano

B. A moving car

C. A gas station

D. A power plant

15. Which of the following is considered to be âgood up high and bad nearbyâ?

A. Ozone

B. Carbon monoxide

C. Carbon dioxide

D. Sulfur dioxide

16. Which of the following water disinfectants is safest from the perspective of not producing any known DBPs?

A. Chlorine

B. Chloramine

C. Ozone

D. UV

17. The most significant anthropogenic source of carbon monoxide would be classified as a:

A. Point source

B. Area source

C. Mobile source

D. Natural source

18. According to Genius (2006), what do some scientists believe is the most frequent cause of childhood cancer and leukemia?

A. Pharmaceuticals in drinking water

B. Exposure to diuretics in utero

C. Prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide and other industry emissions

D. Neonatal exposure to polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic

19. In the Genius (2006) article, what did the scientists who published in the journal Science discover about the possible transgenerational impact of exposure to environmental toxicants in pregnancy?

A. Epigenetic mechanisms may permanently alter the germ-line and genetic traits of offspring of an exposed individual

B. Epigenetic changes die out after three successive generations of offspring

C. Epigenetic changes only occur when a toxicant is an endocrine disruptor

D. Epigenetic changes never take place when the toxicant is a pesticide or fungicide

20. According to the article by Chemnick and Climatewire (2013), âSoggy Vancouver Island in British Columbia has become an unlikely new home for Cryptococcus gattii, a tropical and subtropical yeast-based fungus.â What health effect does this yeast-based fungus have on humans when it is inhaled?

A. None

B. Triggers asthma attacks

C. Causes a kind of meningitis

D. Eventually leads to lung cancer

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BIOB34H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1 (17-19): Phenotypic Plasticity, Hemoglobin, Acclimatization

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