PSY 2114 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Operant Conditioning, Phallic Stage, Oral Stage

• School: University of Ottawa
• Department: Psychology
• Course: PSY 2114
• Professor: Heather Poole

Document Summary

Chapter 1: the science of human development: understanding how and why. The science of human development: seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. Depends on theories, data, analysis, critical thinking, and sound methodology. Scienti c method: a way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions. Empirical evidence: evidence that is based on observation, experience, or data, not theoretical. Replication: repeating a study, usually using different participants, perhaps of another age, location, socioeconomic status (ses) or culture. Nature vs. nurture debate > how much . Nature: traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception. Nurture: includes all the environmental in uences that affect the individual after conception. Nature always affects nurture, and then nurture affects nature (explosive interaction) Epigenetics: how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expressions.