BIOL 112 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2.5: Ribose, Disaccharide, Covalent Bond

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Chemical processes in the cell depend on carbon-based molecules. Proteins provide structural support , act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions. Carbohydrates provide source of energy, make up cell wall in bacteria, plants, algae. Lipids make up cell membranes, store energy, act as signaling molecules. Polymers: complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units (monomers) held by covalent bonds. Functional groups add chemical character to carbon chains. Functional groups are polar- meaning they are reactive. Proteins can act as catalysts (enzymes) to accelerate reaction rate. Also act as structural components for cell shape and movement. Alpha carbon: central c atom is linked to an amino group (-nh2), a carboxyl group (-cooh), h atom, carboxyl group (-cooh), a r group/ side chain. At the ph commonly found in a cell (7. 4),the amino and carboxyl group are ionized: carboxyl loses e-, amino gains the e- Amino acids are linked in a chain to form a protein.

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The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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osmosis

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Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

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COOH

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all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

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