ECON231 Chapter 7: ECON231 Chapter : Chapter 7

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lemonbeetle804

27 Dec 2019

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Economics

Course

ECON231

Professor

Barbara Bloemhoff

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Document Summary

Economies of scale: when production is more efficient the larger the scale at which it takes place. External economies of scale: when the cost per unit depends on the size of the industry but not on the size of any one firm. Internal economies of scale: when the cost per unit depends on the size of an individual firm. This important source of technical know -how makes it easier for companies located close together to stay near the technological frontier than for companies elsewhere. Forward-falling supply curve: depicts that the larger the industry s output, the lower the price at which firms are willing to sell, because their average cost of production falls as industry output rises in the presence of external economies. Average cost of production: the total cost of production divided by the level of output. Interregional trade: trade that takes place between regions within countries.

Related Questions

Paul's accountant will most likely includes which of the followingcosts on his financial statements?Paul owns a car wash.
A) dividends Paulâs money was earning in the stock market beforePaul sold his stock and bought a car wash
B) All of the given answers are correct.
C) the cost of cleaning supplies
D) wages Paul could earn washing windows
2.
Farmer Jack decided to use his land to grow corn rather than use itto grow vegetables, the amount of money that he gave up by notgrowing vegetable is
A) forgone accounting profit.
B) an explicit cost.
C) an implicit cost.
D) an accounting cost
3.
Intel sold 2 million chips at a price of $10 per chip. For lastyear, the firmâs
A) explicit costs amounted to $20 million.
B) accounting profit amounted to $20 million.
C) economic profit amounted to $20 million.
D) total revenue amounted to $20 million.
4.
Mandy earned $40,000 per year in her Sales Manager job. She quither job in order to start her own catering business. To buy thenecessary equipment, she withdrew $20,000 from her savings, (whichpaid 3 percent interest) and borrowed $30,000 from her uncle, whomshe pays 3 percent interest per year. Last year she paid $25,000for ingredients and had revenue of $60,000. She asked Louis theaccountant and Greg the economist to calculate her profit forher.
A) Louis says her profit is $35,000 and Greg says she lost$5,000.
B) Louis says her profit is $34,100 and Greg says she lost$6,500.
C) Louis says her profit is $33,500 and Greg says her profit is33,500.
D) Louis says her profit is $34,100 and Greg says her profit is$6,500.
5.
In the short run
A) The firm can vary the size of its factory, but not the number ofworkers it employs.
B) The firm can vary neither the size of its factory nor the numberof workers it employs.
C) The firm can vary both the size of its factory and the number ofworkers it employs.
D) The firm can vary the number of workers it employs, but not thesize of its factory.
6.
If a firmâs production function is shown on a graph and the numberof workers hired is the only variable input, then

A) total cost is measured on the horizontal axis and the number ofworkers is measured on the vertical axis.
B) the number of workers is measured on the horizontal axis and thequantity of output is measured on the vertical axis.
C) the number of workers is measured on the horizontal axis andvariable cost is measured on the vertical axis.
D) the number of workers is measured on the horizontal axis andprofit is measured on the vertical axis.
7.
marginal cost is
A) The amount by which total cost rises when the firm produces oneadditional unit of output.
B) is calculated the same way as average cost
C) total cost minus fixed cost.
D) The amount of total cost divided by units of output.
8.
If a firm is at the efficient scale of output it means that thequantity of output is such that it
A) maximizes marginal product.
B) maximizes profit.
C) minimizes average total cost(ATC) and average variable cost isequal to ATC
D) minimizes average total cost (ATC)and marginal cost is equal tothe ATC
9.
When marginal cost is less than average total cost,
A) average total cost is rising.
B) average variable cost must be falling.
C) average total cost is falling.
D) marginal cost must be falling.
10.
Regarding a the firm's cost of production,which of the followingstatements is false?
A) Marginal cost is independent of fixed costs.
B) In the long run, there are no fixed costs.
C) Diminishing marginal product explains increasing marginalcost.
D) Economies of scale is a short-run concept.

ivoryhorse290

1. Suppose that there is a tax of $1 per unit, and the elasticity of supply is 3 and the elasticity of demand is 2 (in absolute value). How much of the $1 tax is paid by sellers?

		$0.60
		$0.40
		$0.75
		$0.67

2. In Market X, the external benefit of consumption is $5. In Market Y, the external cost of consumption is $10. Efficiency in both markets could be achieved by:

		a tax of $5 in Market X and a subsidy of $10 in Market Y.
		subsidizing both markets.
		taxing Market Y and subsidizing Market X.
		taxing both markets.

3.Economic theory suggests that a natural monopoly should be:

		eliminated whenever it arises.
		regulated to take advantage of economies of scale.
		left alone to operate with excess capacity.
		taken over by the government.

4.When the size of the production is the most efficient:

		total cost is at the minimum.
		average cost is at the minimum.
		marginal cost is at the minimum.
		fixed cost is at the minimum.

5.A firm should exit the industry if which of the following conditions apply?

		TR > TC
		P < AC
		Lifetime expected profit is positive.
		Prices are low now but expected to rise.

6.Figure: Costs

Reference: Ref 11-6

(Figure: Costs) Use the figure. At a price of $20, the firm earns profit of:

		$75.
		$300.
		$225.
		$0, because P = MC at P = $20.

7.When external benefits are present, the market price is ________, however when external costs are present, the market price is ________.

		too low; too high
		equal to the efficient price; too low
		too high; too low
		equal to the efficient price; too high

8.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

I. The EPA's tradeable allowances program for sulfur dioxide establishes property rights to pollute and helps reduce transaction costs by distributing allowances, maintaining databases, and monitoring emissions.

II. One criticism of tradeable allowances is that they prohibit non-businesses and environmental groups from purchasing the allowances.

III. The tradeable allowances for sulfur dioxide have performed poorly because electricity output has increased, causing a rise in sulfur dioxide levels.

		I only
		II and III only
		I, II, and III
		III only

9.Price floors make it illegal to compete for more customers by lowering prices, so firms compete by offering customers:

		various options.
		more quantity.
		more discount.
		higher quality.

10.Figure: Government Price Controls

Reference: Ref 8-3

(Figure: Government Price Controls) Refer to the figure. If the government sets the price ceiling at $31, there will be:

		a shortage of 15 units.
		a surplus of 15 units.
		a supply of 20 units.
		no effect on the market.

11.In which of these instances does price function as a signal in the market?

		Suppliers invest more in exploration when the price of oil increases.
		Consumers complain of price gouging as the price of oil skyrockets.
		Government imposes price controls on the skyrocketing price of oil.
		All of the answers are correct.

12.Ethanol and sugar are both made from sugar cane, and ethanol can be used as substitute fuel for oil. Increasing oil prices cause the demand for ethanol to increase. This will cause the ______ sugar to ______ and its price to ______.

		demand for; decrease; decrease
		supply of; increase; increase
		supply of; decrease; increase
		demand for; increase; increase

13.Why do cotton growers spend billions of dollars to dam rivers and transport water hundreds of miles to grow cotton in California deserts?

		Cotton growers in California don't pay payroll taxes.
		The water used to grow California cotton is highly subsidized by the government.
		Cotton growers in California are mostly operated as nonprofit enterprises.
		The water used to grow California cotton is high in mineral contents, making for a bigger cotton yield.

14.Suppose that the equilibrium price in the market is $10. If the current market price is $7.50:

		the equilibrium price will fall to $7.50.
		competition among buyers will increase the current price.
		the current price will fall below $7.50 as sellers compete for market share.
		There is not enough information provided to answer the question.

15.Which of the following would increase the demand for beef?

		lower pork prices
		higher consumer income
		higher prices of feed grains used to feed beef cattle
		an increase in the price of beef

16.A change in quantity supplied is reflected by a movement along the same supply curve while a change in supply refers to a shift in the entire supply curve.

True

False

17.Table: Production in the United States and Germany

Labor units required to produce:

One Clock

One Sofa

United States		2	5
Germany		3	9

Reference: Ref 2-8

(Table: Production in the United States and Germany) According to the table, the opportunity cost of producing one sofa in the United States is _________, and the opportunity cost of producing one sofa in Germany is _______.

		two clocks; three clocks
		10 clocks; 27 clocks
		0.4 clocks; 0.33 clocks
		2.5 clocks; three clocks

18.Mark values his drum set at $800 and Ella values her guitar at $1,000. Suppose that Mark trades his drum set for Ella's guitar.

		This trade makes Ella worse off by $200.
		This trade makes Mark better off by $200.
		Mark must value Ella's guitar for at least $1,000, and Ella must value Mark's drum set for at least $800.
		This trade creates value by moving the guitar and drum set to people who value them more.