BIOL240 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Cell Envelope, Magnetite, Cyanobacteria
Document Summary
Possible to have different cells growing together like a single organism: hyphae grow in branching filaments of cells (rod-shaped, e. g. , mycelia clumps of hyphae, trichomes smooth, unbranched filaments of cells. Features of bacterial cytoplasm: nucleoid, largest region in cell, chromosomes and dna replications happens here, chromosome-packing proteins, enzymes for synthesis of dna and rna, regulatory factors, ribosomes, plasmid, catalytic substrates. Dna storage in bacteria: no membrane enclosure, no histone proteins. Includes plasma membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane. Lysozyme: attacks b-1,4-glycosidic bonds in cell wall to degrade it enzymatically, used in dna extractions prior to recovery and purification, part of immune system. Lysotaphin: attacks staphylococcus aureus, cleaves glycine interbridge found in peptidoglycan layer. Bacterial defenses: b-lactam antibiotics all have a b-lactam ring, some bacteria produce b-lactamase that cleaves the bonds in the b-lactam ring and destroys antibiotic. Lactam-resistance : clavulanic acid can be added to fight lactam-resistance.
