BPK 140 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Hashish, Cannabis Sativa, Tetrahydrocannabinol

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blushdeer666

22 Jul 2013

School

Simon Fraser University

Department

Biomedical Physio & Kines

Course

BPK 140

Professor

Penny Deck

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Document Summary

Drug use is taking a drug in a way for which it was intended. Drug misuse is taking a drug not prescribed for you or for a purpose for which it was not intended or in a way for which it was not intended. Drug abuse is the excessive use of a drug. Set and setting are two factors that can influence the main side effects of drugs. Set is the total internal environment, or mindset, of a person at the time a drug is taken. The elderly are particularly susceptible to their set. Setting is the total external environment of a person at the time a drug is taken. It encompasses the physical and social aspects of that environment at the time the person takes the drug. Addiction is defined as a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behaviour or substance. Now the definition has been extended to include mood-altering behaviours or activities.

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Antonio uses Adderal to treat his ADHD. Scott stole some of Antonio's medication so he could study for an exam. Which of the following best describes Scott's behavior relative to this incident?

Drug dependence

Drug abuse

Drug addiction

All of these answers are correct

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______________ is the key player in the reward system of the brain.

Serotonin

None of these answers are correct

Adrenaline

Dopamine

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Several factors influence how drug users experience the drug effects. The four more important factors are which of the following?

Physiological, social, genetics, and cultural

Psychological, genetics, social, and cultural

Pharmacological, physiological, psychological, and social

Pharmacological, cultural, social, and contextual

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Drug abuse usually follows 4 steps of drug use. This is known as the spectrum of psychoactive drugs. What 4 steps are part of this spectrum?

Beneficial, casual, problematic, chronic dependence

Beneficial, casual, abusive, addictive

Beneficial, problematic, chronic dependence, and abusive

Social, abusive, dependent, addictive

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The main neurotransmitter in the reward system is thought of being which of the following?

Dobutamine

Epinephrine

Glutamate

Dopamine

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The rate at which a drug is distributed in the body depends on which of the following?

Its solubility properties

Its tendency to attach to proteins in tissues

Its ability to pass across membranes

Its molecular size

All of these answers are correct

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A period of medical treatment, usually including a 9-12 step program, during which a person is helped to overcome physical and psychological dependence on alcohol or drugs is known as part of the ______________ process.

Withdrawal

Intoxication

Oxidation

Detoxification

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Drug addiction is defined as which of the following?

Pathological condition in which one compulsively uses a drug, despite its negative effects

Using any prescribed drug or over the counter medication for healing purposes

Using a drug excessively, or for purposes for which it was not medically intended

Constant use of a chemical to ensure a constant state of happiness

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The rate at which a drug is distributed in the body depends on which of the following properties?

It's solubility properties

Pass across membranes

It's molecular size

All of these answers are correct

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The most commonly abused set of drugs in the USA is which of the following?

Non prescription over the counter drugs

Illegal drugs such as cocaine

Prescription Drugs

All of these answers are correct

1) The neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine are digested by enzymes that are located at the axon synapse or within the axon terminal of the neurons.

a)What are the names of these different types of enzymes?

b)Where are they located and what is the result of their enzymatic activity?

2) Explain how the Investigational New Drug process works as well as the four different phases of clinical trials. Why are some drugs still taken off the market after approval by the FDA?

3) A single IV injection of 100 mg drug with a half-life of 4 hours is administered to a young adult.

a) Plot drug concentration versus time on a graph making certain to clearly label.

b) How long will it take to eliminate > 95% of the drug?

c) If the volume of distribution is 4L, what is the clearance of the drug?

4) Many drugs are metabolized in the liver through the microsomal metabolizing system.

a) What specific enzymes are involved in this metabolism?

b) What are the main functions of these enzymes?

c) What are some factors that can contribute to individual drug metabolism variation? Explain.

5) Think of an emergency situation requiring immediate and intense physical exertion.

a) List as many body organs as you can and predict the desired level of activity [increased or decreased].

b) Which neurotransmitter would produce these effects and through what receptors?

6) It is interesting that a drug can produce a therapeutic effect and an undesired side effect in one situation, and that the same drug side effect may be considered a therapeutic effect in another situation. Explain this phenomenon using the drug promethazine as an example.

7) A patient brought into the emergency room is experiencing severe hypotension. Blood pressure reads 90/50.

a) What class of drugs is indicated for treatment and why?

b) What precautions should be observed when these drugs are administered?

c) What would be the first indication that too much drug has been administered?

8) Only certain drugs are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier.

a) How is the blood brain barrier different than barriers found in other areas of the body? Be specific.

b) What properties of drugs will make it more likely to cross the blood brain barrier? Explain your answers.

9) A 32-year-old, presents to the Emergency Department by ambulance with vomiting, confusion, salivation, and respiratory distress. The patient states that he was feeling fine until today when I started getting ill. He then vomits. During a physical exam you record the following information: Heart rate 45; Blood pressure 90/60; Respiratory rate 25; Temperature 36.6C; Pupils constricted. During your exam, 4 more ambulances arrive with patients with similar symptoms. You find out they were all riding in the same care on the Red Line when they began feeling ill.

a) What do you feel is happening and why?

b) Would you expect their symptoms to improve over time? Why or why not?

c) What drug would you prescribe to treat these patients and why?

10) Betty has diabetes and asthma. She also has developed high blood pressure, for which doctor just prescribed propranolol. One of your duties as a physicianâs assistant is to make sure patients are not prescribed drugs that are contraindicated because of other health problems.

a) What should you tell the doctor about Bettyâs prescription for propranolol and why?

b) Is there a more appropriate drug for Betty? Explain you answer.

The Amos Drug Company has developed a new drug that will prevent osteoporosis, one of the most dangerous conditions affecting older people, especially older women. In osteoporosis, calcium is leached out of the bones, which then become brittle and break easily. Osteoporosis can also cause serious compression fractures of the vertebrae and neck, as well as cause a great deal of pain as the condition progresses.

The drug has cost millions to develop, test, and put on the market. It has no side effects, but it does have to be taken every day from puberty on. If this regimen is followed, the person will never develop osteoporosis. The drug is especially effective for those who are genetically predisposed to the condition.

This drug has an enormous potential market. Prior to its release, the only way someone could prevent osteoporosis was to take calcium supplements or increase the calcium in their diet; but this didn't guarantee that a problem would not occur much later in life. With the new drug, if someone takes one pill every day, there is no chance of developing osteoporosis.

Amos Drug Company is contemplating an interesting marketing plan. If all people over age 25 were required to take the drug, many people could be saved from a painful and crippling disease. So the company's president, Doug Marshall, has asked legislators in his state to consider passing a law requiring the drug for everyone.

There is some precedent for a state stepping in to better the health of its constituents. In many states, genetic testing for certain conditions is required at birth; in others, the state often intervenes to force certain patients to have a procedure (such as a cesarean section or blood transfusion).

If the drug became required by the state, the company would not only recoup all the money it had spent on research and development but make a huge profit and at the same time help many people.

Questions

What would be Mr. Marshall's argument to the representatives of the state legislature?

Should people be required to take care of their health?

What should be the part of the government in our health care decisions?

How might insurance companies react to the law?

If the law were passed, how would the courts deal with someone who refused to follow the law?

BPK 140 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Hashish, Cannabis Sativa, Tetrahydrocannabinol

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