Business Administration - Accounting & Financial Planning ECN502 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Economic Equilibrium

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greenmuskrat329

19 Dec 2016

School

Seneca College

Department

Business Administration - Accounting & Financial Planning

Course

Business Administration - Accounting & Financial Planning ECN502

Professor

Sandra Wellman

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Document Summary

Factors that affect supply: 1 number of products, 2 prices of related products, 3 technology, 4 expectations, 5 cost of inputs. 1 number of producers: affect total market supply, expect market supply to increase, number of producers sellers. 2 prices of related products: substitutes in production (production substitutes) which are goods produced as goods alternative to each other. Farm tomato instead of lettuce: compliments in production (joints products) are goods that are in production implies the production of another. Production of one = production of the other. 3 technology: makes existing factors (inputs = factors of production, more productive, more efficient, causes an increase of supply. 4 expectations: expect price to rise = may increase production (output, build stock. 5 cost of inputs: production costs. Market conditions is the relationship between quantity demanded and quantity supplied: shortage. Equilibrium price is the price at which quantity demanded equal quantity supplied: no tendency for price to change.

Related Questions

Question 1

In order to compete effectively in todayâs increasingly globalised market, many companies have used features related to environmental sustainability to âwinâ new customers.

In relation to the company you work in or one that you are familiar with,

(a) Explain the term âsustainable business strategyâ and how this strategy relates to operations and supply chain management.

(8 marks)

(b) Identify an operations and supply chain-related "disruption" that impacted the company. What could the company have done to minimise the impact of this type of disruption prior to it occurring?

(7 marks)

(c) You have recently been appointed as the production manager of the company. To meet the demands of its global market, the company has set up production locations in two different countries. One is located in the USA while the other is located in a Southeast Asian country. You want to find out what is the productivity of the current operations at the two production locations. You have obtained the following results from the production supervisor (Table 1).

Table 1

*FC â Foreign Currency where $1 = FC 10

	USA	Southeast Asia
Sales (units)	100,000	20,000
Labour (hours)	20,000	15,000
Raw materials (currency)	$20,00	*FC 20,000
Capital equipment (hours)	60,00	5,000

(i) Calculate the multifactor productivity figures for labour and capital together. Do the results make sense?

(5 marks)

(ii) Calculate raw material productivity figures (units/$) and explain any differences in these figures.

(5 marks)

Question 2

(a) A Japanese fast food restaurant, OiShi is concerned about its ability to provide quality service as they continue to grow and attract more customers. Its management has collected data from Friday and Saturday nights, its busiest times of the week. During these nights, about 75 customers arrive per hour for service. Given the number of tables and chairs, and the typical time it takes to serve a customer, the restaurant can serve on average about 100 customers per hour.

Analyse the restaurant service process in these nights where the data are collected and comment on whether the services are in the zone of service, the critical zone, or the zone of non-service? (Refer to Figure 2 when providing your answers)

Figure 2: Relationship between the Rate of Service Utilisation (r) and service quality

(4 marks)

The management anticipates that the restaurantâs demand will double in one year as long as it can provide good service to its customers. How much will the restaurant have to increase its service capacity to stay out of the critical zone?

(4 marks)

(b) Describe the characteristics of service processes of a typical fast food restaurant based on your service encounters.

(10 marks)

(c) Examine the strategies to manage service encounters. You should provide details on any TWO (2) possible customer-introduced variability in the service processes and propose THREE (3) accommodating strategies to effectively address these variabilities.

(7 marks)

Question 3

(a) Consider your organisation or one that you are familiar with that plays a role in the global supply chain network. This organisation can be a supplier, manufacturer, distributor, logistics service provider or retailer in a particular industry (e.g. fast-moving consumer goods, electronics, oil and gas, and pharmaceuticals). In your answer, you should relate the concepts and strategies in operations and supply chain management to the work environment.

Explain how the aggregate operations plan can help match supply with demand and optimise operational costs in this organisation.

(4 marks)

Provide TWO (2) strategies that can be used to influence demand and TWO (2) strategies that can be used to adjust capacity to match demand.

(8 marks)

(b) The development of web-based tools has allowed companies to collaborate on a larger scale and perform its operations and supply chain activities with greater ease. Demonstrate how collaborative techniques can be used to forecast demand. You should provide details such as the various stages of activities that are involved.

(8 marks)

Discuss the risks of being too reliant on the internet as a collaboration tool in demand forecasting and management.

(5 marks)

Question 4

Kee Wah Store sells a variety of exquisite European cookies and candies to the consumer market. The demand for cookies and candies is volatile and varies from month to month. The store orders from its suppliers. The lead time is normally one month, mainly consisting of the sea freight transportation time from Europe to Singapore. The store keeps a certain level of inventory at its warehouse.

The total demand for chocolate cookies is estimated to be 7,200 packets a year. The chocolate cookie packet is sourced from the supplier at $5 per packet and is sold to the end consumer at $15 per packet. It costs $100 to place an order to the supplier, and costs 20% of unit cost to store a packet of chocolate cookies for one year.

(a) Give FOUR (4) reasons why Kee Wah Store needs to maintain some inventory at its warehouse.

(8 marks)

(b) Examine the inventory situation for Kee Wah Store by applying the EOQ model to solve for order quantity and reorder point. What is the annual ordering cost, annual holding cost and total annual cost?

(10 marks)

(c) One supplier, Nee Ann Import Inc., approaches Kee Wah Store and proposes that it could shorten the lead time from one month to one week using airfreight.

What are the factors that Kee Wah Store needs to consider before deciding to accept or reject Nee Ann Importâs offer?

----- END OF PAPER -----

(7 marks)

jadeserval468

Background

Clothing sales have risen dramatically in recent years, thanks to several trends that appear likely to continue. It was reported that the global demand for clothing looks set to increase significantly over the coming decade as millions of people in developing countries enter the middle class and spend more on apparel. It also seems the demand for fast fashion will only continue to grow (Remy et al. 2016). This is further supported by a new research from Kurt Salmon, part of Accenture Strategy, one in eight younger consumers (18 to 24 year olds) shopping every week and buying a fashion item at least once a fortnight (Accenture 2017). Clothing production doubled from 2000 to 2014, and the number of garments purchased each year by the average consumer increased by 60 percent. Fast fashion has been a particularly hot segment and a source of enviable growth for some clothing companies (Remy et al. 2016).

The process of making a piece of clothing involves multiple suppliers across the supply chain in the following processes including: farmers who grow the raw materials; ginners receive cotton from multiple growers and sell to the global market through traders; spinners use cotton from a variety of origins to produce yarn and fabric mills produce cloth. The manufacturing process begins which involves cutting, sewing, trimming, embroidery, orienting, and washing. Next, the manufacturers ship the garments wholesale to the brand that placed the orders who distributes garments globally to retail and online stores (Human Rights Watch 2017). At the end of its life, the apparel/garments may either be recycled or discarded and go to landfill. The manufacturing usually involves multiple suppliers in a very complex supply chain, which reduces transparency and visibility along the complex value chain. Brands therefore are not aware of what happen at their suppliersâ business along the supply chain. Brands also do not typically deal directly with all those suppliers, and many do not bother to dig deep into their supply chains (Gunther 2016).

On the other hand, consumers are, attracted by the low cost and constantly update product ranges with new styles and designs. Consumers are buying these clothes much more often and in greater quantities, but often wearing them only a handful of times before discarding them. This fast-fashion industry and ecosystem consumes large amounts of natural resources in the production, which ultimately accelerating carbon emissions and global warming. The industry has also been linked to a number of cases of worker abuses in countries producing the garments. The workers were underpaid and exposed to unsafe and poor workplace conditions, particularly when handling materials like cotton and leather that require extensive processing (Remy et al. 2016). One example is the disaster at Rana Plaza, which is one of the deadliest accidents in the fashion industry happened on 24th April 2013. (The Economist 4th May 2013). Over 1,130 people were killed and 2,500 more were injured when the Rana Plaza factory complex collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was reported that people crushed under those eight floors were working for dozens of familiar multinational brands and retailers. It is âone of the many negligent accidents that plague the garment industryâ (Fashion Revolution CIC 2015, p.4).

Assignment Tasks

Assume you are a newly appointed accountant in a local fashion company -RTXM Clothing Company (RTXM) - based in Melbourne, Australia. This is a private family business with 20 shareholders. Currently, the company has seven different departments, include Accounting and Finance, R&D (product design and development), Salesand Marketing, Human Resources, Information Technology, Distribution and Logistics, and Merchandising, with a total of 130 employees. Managers in each department are given the authority regarding operational decisions and their performance is measured based on the companyâs profit, and all the other employees receive the fixed salary package. The company pays taxes to Australia Taxation Office (ATO) on a regular basis.

Originally, the business offered only t-shirts and jeans. As the business was trying to join the growing fast fashion industry, it expanded its product lines to include dress, trousers, shorts, hoodies & sweats, socks, shoes, and bags. The objective was to provide a wide selection of product lines in order to reach more fashion conscious consumers. A characteristic of them market is consumers are mainly attracted by low price, and frequent new styles and designs, so the company also seeks to find the suppliers with low prices. The business has retail stores in the major city across Australia and online store. Since the company expanded its product line, managers from different departments found the number of complaints received from customers have tripled. Most complaints are related to the product quality (products are either defective or damaged), items consistently out of stock, online shopping experience (delivery of wrong items and long response time to emails), and in-store experience (lack of attention from sales representatives), and some customers have posted complaints on RTXM social media.

In order to enhance the overall performance, the company is considering using a range of key performance indicators in managing its performance. This is to ensure that the company keeps track of its performance and to achieve the objectives they set for the identified issues.

In addition, the CEO and senior management decide to find new suppliers to improve the product quality, however, they encountered a dilemma. On the one hand, they found a supplier in Bangladesh, Super Cheap who can provide a large range of products to fit in their business expansion plan with a competitive price and all products can be supplied in a short time frame. However, after a careful investigation into this companyâs background, they found this supplier has a major issue with labor conditions throughout their supply chains, including the use of child labor, low wages, and health and safety hazards, and long working hours. In terms of the environmental aspect, Super Cheap consumes a few thousand litres of water to produce a cotton t-shirt and over ten-thousand litres to produce a pair of jeans, and wastewater discharge into the local river, and it did not take any action to solve this issue. The polluted water is no longer fit for drinking or laundry, fishes no longer exist in this river, and local residences complain that their homes are flooded by dirty water.

On the other hand, RTXM has another potential supplier, called Green Fashion, who only provides limited product range with a higher price, and products can be supplied in a reasonable time frame. However, Green Fashion takes account of sustainability and makes it as part of their business, and their sustainability agenda has been presented on its website,

including fashion designs that is kind to the environment, they also ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met. The CEO and management of RTXM learnt that Green Fashion has very similar values and sustainability agenda. RTXM considers sustainability as part of the business. It is reported on their websites that the company wants to rethink fashion designs so that they are kind to the environment, to ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met.

Required:

As an accountant of the company, you would like to have a better understanding of how the sustainability of the company will impact on the stakeholders. You believe the most efficient way is to identify important stakeholders. Refer to the case and identify five relevant stakeholder groups and discuss how different accounts could be used to satisfy each groupâs information requirements.

blueeagle714

Background Clothing sales have risen dramatically in recent years, thanks to several trends that appear likely to continue. It was reported that the global demand for clothing looks set to increase significantly over the coming decade as millions of people in developing countries enter the middle class and spend more on apparel. It also seems the demand for fast fashion will only continue to grow (Remy et al. 2016). This is further supported by a new research from Kurt Salmon, part of Accenture Strategy, one in eight younger consumers (18 to 24 year olds) shopping every week and buying a fashion item at least once a fortnight (Accenture 2017). Clothing production doubled from 2000 to 2014, and the number of garments purchased each year by the average consumer increased by 60 percent. Fast fashion has been a particularly hot segment and a source of enviable growth for some clothing companies (Remy et al. 2016). The process of making a piece of clothing involves multiple suppliers across the supply chain in the following processes including: farmers who grow the raw materials; ginners receive cotton from multiple growers and sell to the global market through traders; spinners use cotton from a variety of origins to produce yarn and fabric mills produce cloth. The manufacturing process begins which involves cutting, sewing, trimming, embroidery, orienting, and washing. Next, the manufacturers ship the garments wholesale to the brand that placed the orders who distributes garments globally to retail and online stores (Human Rights Watch 2017). At the end of its life, the apparel/garments may either be recycled or discarded and go to landfill. The manufacturing usually involves multiple suppliers in a very complex supply chain, which reduces transparency and visibility along the complex value chain. Brands therefore are not aware of what happen at their suppliersâ business along the supply chain. Brands also do not typically deal directly with all those suppliers, and many do not bother to dig deep into their supply chains (Gunther 2016). On the other hand, consumers are, attracted by the low cost and constantly update product ranges with new styles and designs. Consumers are buying these clothes much more often and in greater quantities, but often wearing them only a handful of times before discarding them. This fast-fashion industry and ecosystem consumes large amounts of natural resources in the production, which ultimately accelerating carbon emissions and global warming. The industry has also been linked to a number of cases of worker abuses in countries producing the garments. The workers were underpaid and exposed to unsafe and poor workplace conditions, particularly when handling materials like cotton and leather that require extensive processing (Remy et al. 2016). One example is the disaster at Rana Plaza, which is one of the deadliest accidents in the fashion industry happened on 24th April 2013. (The Economist 4th May 2013). Over 1,130 people were killed and 2,500 more were injured when the Rana Plaza factory complex collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was reported that people crushed under those eight floors were working for dozens of familiar multinational brands and retailers. It is âone of the many negligent accidents that plague the garment industryâ (Fashion Revolution CIC 2015, p.4). 2 Assignment Tasks Assume you are a newly appointed accountant in a local fashion company -RTXM Clothing Company (RTXM) - based in Melbourne, Australia. This is a private family business with 20 shareholders. Currently, the company has seven different departments, include Accounting and Finance, R&D (product design and development), Salesand Marketing, Human Resources, Information Technology, Distribution and Logistics, and Merchandising, with a total of 130 employees. Managers in each department are given the authority regarding operational decisions and their performance is measured based on the companyâs profit, and all the other employees receive the fixed salary package. The company pays taxes to Australia Taxation Office (ATO) on a regular basis. Originally, the business offered only t-shirts and jeans. As the business was trying to join the growing fast fashion industry, it expanded its product lines to include dress, trousers, shorts, hoodies & sweats, socks, shoes, and bags. The objective was to provide a wide selection of product lines in order to reach more fashion conscious consumers. A characteristic of them market is consumers are mainly attracted by low price, and frequent new styles and designs, so the company also seeks to find the suppliers with low prices. The business has retail stores in the major city across Australia and online store. Since the company expanded its product line, managers from different departments found the number of complaints received from customers have tripled. Most complaints are related to the product quality (products are either defective or damaged), items consistently out of stock, online shopping experience (delivery of wrong items and long response time to emails), and in-store experience (lack of attention from sales representatives), and some customers have posted complaints on RTXM social media. In order to enhance the overall performance, the company is considering using a range of key performance indicators in managing its performance. This is to ensure that the company keeps track of its performance and to achieve the objectives they set for the identified issues. In addition, the CEO and senior management decide to find new suppliers to improve the product quality, however, they encountered a dilemma. On the one hand, they found a supplier in Bangladesh, Super Cheap who can provide a large range of products to fit in their business expansion plan with a competitive price and all products can be supplied in a short time frame. However, after a careful investigation into this companyâs background, they found this supplier has a major issue with labor conditions throughout their supply chains, including the use of child labor, low wages, and health and safety hazards, and long working hours. In terms of the environmental aspect, Super Cheap consumes a few thousand litres of water to produce a cotton t-shirt and over ten-thousand litres to produce a pair of jeans, and wastewater discharge into the local river, and it did not take any action to solve this issue. The polluted water is no longer fit for drinking or laundry, fishes no longer exist in this river, and local residences complain that their homes are flooded by dirty water. On the other hand, RTXM has another potential supplier, called Green Fashion, who only provides limited product range with a higher price, and products can be supplied in a reasonable time frame. However, Green Fashion takes account of sustainability and makes it as part of their business, and their sustainability agenda has been presented on its website, 3 including fashion designs that is kind to the environment, they also ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met. The CEO and management of RTXM learnt that Green Fashion has very similar values and sustainability agenda. RTXM considers sustainability as part of the business. It is reported on their websites that the company wants to rethink fashion designs so that they are kind to the environment, to ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met.

3. The CEO believes the company was attractive because of its previous low price strategy but has also noticed unprecedented awareness from customers on the companyâs social responsibilities. The CEO approaches you to discuss the selection of supplier, which supplier is better for companyâs strategic development. Provide an explanation to the CEO with reference to the potential costs and benefits of working with both Super Cheap and Green Fashion.

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Business Administration - Accounting & Financial Planning ECN502 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Economic Equilibrium

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