SOCPSY 1Z03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Mass Media, Gender Role, Speech Perception
29 Jun 2018
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Reading Notes – Ch. 3
Socialization – the ways in which individuals learn and re-create skills,
knowledge, values, motives, and roles appropriate to their positions in a
group or society
Perspectives on socialization
The developmental Perspective
The view that socialization is largely dependent on processes of physical and
psychological maturation – biologically determined
Gesell and Ilg (1943) – motor and social skills develop and the ages at which
each new ability appears in the average child
According to this theory, when children around age 2.5 develop these skills,
they learn by themselves without environmental influences
The social Learning Perspective
Emphasizes the child’s acquisition of cognitive and behavioural skills in
interaction with the environment
Successful socialization = children acquire considerable information about
the world
Learns about many physical or natural realities
Learns about social environment – language to communicate their needs to
others; learn the meanings their caregivers associate with various actions
Learn to identify the kinds of persons encountered in their immediate
environment
Learn what behaviours they can expect of people as well as own
expectations
Socialization is primarily a process of children learning the shared meanings
of the group in which they are reared in
Emphasizes adaptive nature of socialization
Learn verbal and interpersonal skills necessary to interact successfully
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Process by which this occurs are concerns of reinforcement theory
The Interpretive Perspective
Socialization occurs primarily through social interaction
Social learning perspective emphasizes process of learning, this perspective
focuses on the interaction itself
Views the child’s task as the discovery of the meanings common to the social
group
Requires communication with parents, other adults, and other children
Cultural routines – recurrent and predictable activities that are basic to day-
to-day social life
E.g. – greeting rituals, common games, mealtime patterns
These routines provide a sense of security and belonging to a group
Socialization is a process of interpretive reproduction
Children use the language and interpretive skills that they are learning or
discovering
When children communicate with each other, they do not simply imitate.
They use what they have learned to create their own somewhat unique peer
culture
The Impact of Social structure
Emphasis on social structure
Socialization is not a random process
Socialization is organized according to sequence of roles
Familial roles, roles in educational institutions, age-linked roles, etc.
Social structure designates the persons or organizations responsible for
producing desired outcomes
Birth to adolescence: family; 6-12: elementary school teacher; high school:
teachers; work: coworkers, etc.
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Sociological perspective
Agents of Childhood Socialization
4 Components socialization always involves:
An agent – someone who serves as a source for what is being learned
A learning process
A target – a person who is being socialized
An outcome – something that is learned
Family
Infant’s primary concern is to remove discomfort caused by hunger, thirst,
or pain.
Adult caregivers learn to read infant signals and satisfy their needs
Is a mother necessary?
Psychoanalytic theory (Freud) asserts that intimate emotional relationship
between infant and caregiver is essential to healthy personality development
Infants need a secure attachment – a warm, close relationship with an adult
that produces a sense of security and provides stimulation to develop the
interpersonal and cognitive skills needed for proper growth
Research indicates that if mothers are sensitive to child’s needs and
responsive in the first year of life, child is more likely to develop a secure
attachment
Parent-child attachment does not depend on the parent’s gender
Effects of Maternal Employment
Maternal employment was associated with lower vocabulary scores and
higher levels of behaviour problems
Outcomes were not related to maternal stress or parenting
Associated with fewer positive mother-child interactions and less reading
with parents at ages 2-4
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Document Summary
Socialization the ways in which individuals learn and re-create skills, knowledge, values, motives, and roles appropriate to their positions in a group or society. The view that socialization is largely dependent on processes of physical and psychological maturation biologically determined. Gesell and ilg (1943) motor and social skills develop and the ages at which each new ability appears in the average child. According to this theory, when children around age 2. 5 develop these skills, they learn by themselves without environmental influences. Emphasizes the child"s acquisition of cognitive and behavioural skills in interaction with the environment. Successful socialization = children acquire considerable information about the world. Learns about social environment language to communicate their needs to others; learn the meanings their caregivers associate with various actions. Learn to identify the kinds of persons encountered in their immediate environment. Learn what behaviours they can expect of people as well as own expectations.
