KINESIOL 2A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Force Platform, Ground Reaction Force, Normal Force
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Purpose:
In this lab, you will make some basic measurements of friction.You will measure the coefficients of staticfriction between several combinations of surfaces using aninclined plane, and you will measure the coefficient ofkinetic friction between two of the combinationsof surfaces you used in the static friction part of thisexperiment.
Part 1: StaticFriction
Theory:
The coefficient of static frictionms can be measured experimentally foran object placed on an inclined plane (a.k.a. ramp, a.k.a. hill).The coefficient of static friction is related to the criticalangle qc for the ramp, at whichthe object just begins to slide. Using what we havecovered in class, you can derive this relationshipyourself! At this critical angle, static friction preventing theobject from sliding down the hill is just exactly equal to thecomponent of the objectâs weight along the hill. If the componentof the weight along the hill were just a little greater, it wouldovercome friction, and the object would start to slide down. Thefree body diagram for this situation will look like the figuresketched below. Use this diagram to find an equation that relatesms toqc.
FN = NormalForce = mg cos(θ) |
FF =μs x FN = μs mg cos(θ) |
ΣFx = mAx = FGx - FF = ? |
FGx = mgsin(θ) |
Hint #1: the angle q of the incline is the same as theangle between the normal force N and the weightmg. Why?
Hint #2: The weight mg can be broken into twocomponents. One component is along the incline(WH). The other component is âpressinginto the hillâ, and is equal in magnitude to the normal forceN. (This is an example of a situation where the normalforce is not equal to the weight!) Remember that you need to usethe normal force to calculate friction, sincef=mN. Now calculate what the angle ofthe incline should be, so that the component of the weight down thehill is just exactly balanced by friction.
Equipment:
For this lab you will need to share the following ramps andblocks with other lab groups:
Ramps Blocks
Aluminum Aluminum
ParticleBoard Brass
StainlessSteel Plexiglass
Plastic Copper
Rubber
Steel
Wood
Experiment:
Test at least 5 different combinations of materials. Record thematerial of the block and the ramp for each combination.
1. Measure and record the length of theinclined plane you will be using. (This is thehypotenuse of the right triangle!)
2. Place the block on the plane and begin tiltingthe plane just until the point when the block begins to slide.
3. Measure the height of the raisedend of the inclined plane at this point. (This is theopposite side of the right triangle!) You cancalculate the angle from the measurements of the two sides.
4. Repeat the height measurement at least 3 timesfor each combination of materials. Record all the measurements inthe table below. Then,
(a) calculate the angle from the measurements of the hypotenuseand opposite side you just obtained
(b) use the equation you derived above in order to calculate thecoefficient of kinetic friction from the angle.
Block: woodenblock Block: cooper
Ramp:particleboard Ramp: particle board
Length of ramp:0.61(m) Length of ramp: 0.61(m)
Height(m) | Ѳ | Ms | Height(m) | Ѳ | Ms | |
0.24 | 0.26 | |||||
0.25 | 0.31 | |||||
0.245 | 0.345 |
avg ms: ______ s : _______ avg ms: ______ s : _______
Block:aluminum Block:particle board block
Ramp: solidewood Ramp: solide wood
Length of ramp:0.605(m) Length of ramp: 0.605(m)
Height(m) | Ѳ | s | Height(m) | Ѳ | s | |
0.15 | 0.23 | |||||
0.16 | 0.165 | |||||
0.16 | 0.195 |
avg ms: ______ s : _______ avg ms: ______ s : _______
5. Remember that in class we said that friction does not dependon surface area. You can easily test whether or not this iscorrect. Choose a block/ramp combination not already tested, andmake sure the block is not a cube or cylinder. Place the block sothat the side with the larger surface area is in contact with theboard. Now measure the angle at which the block just begins toslide (by measuring the hypotenuse and opposite sides of thecorresponding right triangle). As before, calculate the coefficientof friction from the angle you measured, using your equation.Repeat this process with the side of the block with the smallersurface area in contact with the board. Enter this data in thesmall tables below.
Block (larger end) :_________ Block (smaller end):__________
Ramp:_______________ Ramp: ________________
Length of ramp:______(m) Length of ramp: ______(m)
Height(m) | s | Height(m) | s | |||
avg ms: ______ s : _______ avg ms: ______ s : _______
Part 2: KineticFriction
Theory:
You can calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction,mk, using a variation of the methodyou used for the coefficient of static friction. For thecoefficient of kinetic friction, you can use the same free bodydiagram as the one drawn on the first page. But now, thecombination of WH and the force offriction will need to add up such that the block will slide at aconstant speed. Think of Newtonâs first and second laws when youset up this equation. Derive a relationship between the criticalangle and the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Experiment:
You can measure mk using aprocedure similar to the one you used to measurems. This time, just pick twocombinations of materials. The combinations you pick for this partof the experiment have to be combinations you alreadyused for the static friction part of the experiment, because thepoint is to compare msandmk!
1. Measure and record the length ofthe inclined plane you will be using.
2. Raise the plane high enough for the blockto begin moving. Begin lowering the plane just until the pointwhen the block begins to slow down. (Alternatively, raise theboard while tapping the block until block moves at a constantrate.)
3. Measure the height of the raisedend of the inclined plane at this point.
4. Repeat the height measurement at least 3times for each combination of materials. Record all themeasurements in the table below. Then,
(a) calculate the angle from the measurements of the hypotenuseand opposite side you just obtained
(b) use the equation you derived above in order to calculate thecoefficient of kinetic friction from the angle.
Block (from part 1) :_________ Block (from part 1):__________
Ramp:_______________ Ramp: ________________
Length of ramp:______(m) Length of ramp: ______(m)
Height(m) | k | Height(m) | k | |||
avg mk: ______ s : _______ avg mk: ______ s : _______
Analysis:
Calculate the mean value and standard deviation of thecoefficient of static friction that you measured, for each set ofmaterials.
ramp/board pair | Standard deviation | |
(larger end) | ||
(smaller end) |
Calculate the mean value and standard deviation of thecoefficient of kinetic friction that you measured, for each set ofmaterials.
ramp/board pair | Standard deviation | |
Questions:
1. How do the values of ms compareto the values of mk? (Of course, youcan only compare them for the same pairs of materials.)
2. Is the relationship betweenmsand mkwhat you expected?
3. Of the two parts of the experiment, measurement ofmsand measurement ofmk, which had more sources of error?What were some of the sources of error?
4. Could mk orms ever be greater than 1? Explain whyor why not.
5. Is the coefficient of friction the same as when the block wasstanding on its larger (or smaller) end?
6. Think about your results. Do they make sense when youconsider your everyday experiences?
QUESTION 1
Rosina Gonzales quit her job in Pennsylvania and moved to California to be close to her family. She is currently looking for work, so she would be considered
frictionally unemployed. | ||
cyclically unemployed. | ||
a discouraged worker. | ||
seasonally unemployed. |
1 points
QUESTION 2
Discouraged workers
are counted as unemployed workers when the unemployment rate is calculated. | ||
would decrease the unemployment rate if they were added to the number of unemployed workers. | ||
are counted as one-half of a worker in the unemployment statistics. | ||
would increase unemployment rate if they were added to the number of unemployed workers. |
1 points
QUESTION 3
In measuring the unemployment rate, part-time workers are ________ and discouraged workers are ________.
included as employed; included as unemployed | ||
excluded; excluded | ||
excluded; included as unemployed | ||
included as employed; excluded |
1 points
QUESTION 4
Mary has decided that the she does not like Iowa and has decided to quit her job as a medical technician and move to Arizona. Mary's unemployment as she searches for a new job is best classified as
frictional. | ||
cyclical. | ||
structural. | ||
seasonal. |
1 points
QUESTION 5
When a golf caddy in Minnesota (where golf courses close in the winter) is unemployed in December, it is most likely the case that the golf caddy is
cyclically unemployed during long droughts. | ||
frictionally unemployed during spring and summer. | ||
structurally unemployed during spring and summer. | ||
seasonally unemployed. |
1 points
QUESTION 6
After graduating from college, Yunis, age 22, started working for his parent's real estate business as an unpaid assistant. He works 25 hours a week helping manage rental units . In the Current Population Survey, Yunis is considered
part of the labor force and employed. | ||
part of the labor force and unemployed. | ||
a discouraged worker. | ||
not part of the labor force. |
1 points
QUESTION 7
The working-age population includes
youngsters between the ages of 14 and 16 if they are working at least part time. | ||
only employed people over the age of 16. | ||
those in jails and hospitals. | ||
employed and unemployed people over the age of 16. |
1 points
QUESTION 8
Involuntary part-time workers are workers who
work less than 35 hours but would like to work full time. | ||
work more than 35 hours but would like to work less than 35 hours. | ||
work less than 35 hours by choice. | ||
work have lost their jobs within the last four weeks and are seeking another job. |
1 points
QUESTION 9
Frictional unemployment is the result of
the normal process of jobs being created and destroyed. | ||
an economic recession. | ||
people not getting along (having friction) with their employers. | ||
the economic decline of major industries |
1 points
QUESTION 10
Bill just graduated with his degree in economics. Through Career Services he submitted his resume to several companies and he will visit them during the next two weeks. Bill is considered
not in the labor force. | ||
cyclically unemployed. | ||
frictionally unemployed. | ||
structurally unemployed. |
1 points
QUESTION 11
Harry works at the video rental store for 20 hours per week. He's asked his boss to allow him to work 40 hours per week, but has been told that business is too slow. Harry is considered
an involuntary part-time worker. | ||
a marginally attached worker. | ||
a discouraged worker. | ||
not in the labor force. |
1 points
QUESTION 12
Discouraged workers who are over 16 years old are
i.not counted as unemployed.
ii.part of the working-age population.
iii.part of the labor force.
i and ii | ||
ii and iii | ||
ii only | ||
i only |
1 points
QUESTION 13
Higher unemployment benefits create
higher seasonal unemployment as workers switch jobs. | ||
a lower number of job leavers. | ||
incentives for longer job searches and higher frictional unemployment. | ||
incentives for shorter job searches and higher structural unemployment. |
1 points
QUESTION 14
Seasonal unemployment includes people who become unemployed from
changes in the business cycle. | ||
technological changes. | ||
the seasonal weather patterns. | ||
normal changes in the labor force. |
1 points
QUESTION 15
Cyclical unemployment is
higher when the economy is expanding. | ||
always greater than the total of structural and frictional unemployment. | ||
the total of structural and frictional unemployment. | ||
created by a recession. |
1 points
QUESTION 16
Which of the following people would be classified as employed in the Current Population Survey?
April, who just graduated from college and is looking for work | ||
Jason, who was laid off from work less than 6 months ago but who has stopped looking for work | ||
Rich, who is working 20 hours a week but wants a full-time job | ||
Misty, who just quit her job to return full time to school |
1 points
QUESTION 17
People who are willing and able to work but are not looking for work because they have been discouraged by their previous futile efforts are called
discouraged workers. | ||
involuntarily unemployed. | ||
part-time lookers. | ||
unemployed workers. |
1 points
QUESTION 18
Discouraged workers are included in the calculation of the
i.unemployment rate.
ii.labor force participation rate.
iii.working-age population.
i and ii | ||
i only | ||
iii only | ||
ii only |
1 points
QUESTION 19
As firms search for the best employee to fill an opening and the unemployed search for the job that best fits their skills, the economy experiences
changes in the business cycle. | ||
cyclical unemployment. | ||
frictional unemployment. | ||
structural unemployment. |
1 points
QUESTION 20
Suppose the U.S. population is 275 million. If 210 million people are of working age, 135 million are employed, and 6 million are unemployed, what is the labor force participation rate?
64 percent | ||
67 percent | ||
76 percent | ||
49 percent |
1 points
QUESTION 21
During a recession the unemployment rate generally ________ and during an expansion the unemployment rate generally ________.
rises; rises | ||
rises; does not change | ||
falls; rises | ||
rises; falls |
1 points
QUESTION 22
In January of 2001, the population of the United States was 276.8 million, the working-age population was 210.2 million, the total number of people employed was 140, and the total number of people unemployed was 5.0 million. What was the labor force participation rate?
56 percent | ||
69 percent | ||
78 percent | ||
67 percent |
1 points
QUESTION 23
If Brian, age 24, had no job but was available for work and had looked for a job the week before the survey, Brian is classified in the Current Population Survey as
unemployed. | ||
employed. | ||
a discouraged worker. | ||
not in the labor force. |
1 points
QUESTION 24
Julie works part-time for economic reasons. She would be considered
an involuntary part-time worker. | ||
not in the labor force. | ||
a job seeker. | ||
a discouraged worker. |
1 points
QUESTION 25
Suppose the population is 300 million people, the labor force is 200 million people, the number of people employed is 185 million, and the working-age population is 170 million people. What is the unemployment rate?
5 percent | ||
7.5 percent | ||
8.8 percent | ||
92.5 percent |
1 points