GEOG 2OC3 Chapter 3-12: Geo 20C3 Textbook Notes
evenGeo 20C3 Textbook Notes
Chapter 3: Canada’s Historical Geography
Chapter 4: Canada’s Human Face
Chapter 5: Canada’s Economic Face
Chapter 6: Ontario
Chapter 7: Quebec
Chapter 8: Western Canada
Chapter 9: British Columbia
Chapter 10: Atlantic Canada
Chapter 11: The Territorial North
Chapter 12: A Country of Regions within a Global Economy
Economic anchor per region:
Ontario: automobile
Quebec: hyrdoelectric power
British columbai: Forest industry
Western: agriculture
Atlantic: fisherires
Terrirotiral north: megaprojectsion]
Chapter 3: Canada’s Historical Geography
The First People
- Old World Hunters were first people to arrive in NA by crossing Beringia into Alaska and
Yukon (40,000 years ago)
- Beringia was product of last ice advance → so much water contained in continental
glaciers that sea level dropped, exposing ocean bottom b/w Siberia and Alaska →
created land bridge b/w Asia and NA → Old World hunters still blocked from proceeding
south by ice sheet
- 15,00 years ago: Great Melt → Old World hunters migrated inland NA
- Two theories of how Old World Hunters travelled inland: Corridor and Sea route
- Corridor theory: ice free corridor appeared 13,000-14,000 year ago
- Sea route theory: Old World Hunters reached inland by island-hopping along sea edge
of Cordillera Ice Sheet until they reached US Pacific Coast
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- By 11,000 BP, humans inhabited the length of the Americas, with greatest
concentrations along PAcific coasts of two continents
Paleo-Indians
- People who devised the fluted spear points characteristic of Clovis culture
- Are descendants of Old World hunters
- Oldest fluted points in NA are 11,500 year ago
- 9,000 years ago: many large species (wooly mammoths, mastodons) become extinct d/t
excessive hunting and climatic change
- Paleo-Indian cultures (Folsom and Plano) developed unfluted stone points with stems for
attachment to spear shafts
- Developed strategy of remaining in one area (keeping others out of this area),
developing effective hunting techniques and making use of fish and plants as part of diet
- Timeframe by Thomas divides Paleo Indians into 3 groups: Clovis culture from 11,500 to
10,500 BP, Folsom culture from 11,000-10,200 BP, Plano culture from 10,000-8,000 BP
- Culture areas have 2 characteristics: common set of natural conditions that resulted in
similar plants and animals, and inhabitants who used technique of hunting, fishing and
food gathering techniques
Indians
- Algonquians are direct descendants of Paleo-Indians
- Ancient ancestors of Athapaskans either walked across Bering Strait or crossed with
small boats
- 10,000 years ago: Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated to north of Great Lakes → climatic
zones ranged from tropical climate in Mexico to Arctic climate south of Laurentide
- Differences in climatic zones provided different agricultural opportunities for Indians →
Indians in tropical climate domesticated plants and animals
- In western NA, agriculture spread northward along Mississippi river and Missouri River
- Agriculture was not possible north of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands b/c of shorter
growing season → people here had to hunt animals and trade with more sedentary
Indians
- Athapaskan-speaking Indians practiced nomadic life-style of hunting+gathering
Arctic Migration
- Before people could occupy arctic lands, two developments were necessary
- Melting of ice sheets that covered this physiographic region
- Emergence of hunting technique that enabled people to live in arctic environment
- 5,000 years ago: Paleo-Eskimos moved eastward along coast of Alaska and then along
Arctic coast of Canada → they created Denbigh hunting culture
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- 3,000 years ago: second migration from Alaska took place → known as Dorset culture
- 1,000 years ago: third Arctic migration took place when Thule people spread eastward
from Alaska
Initial Contacts
- Europeans considered the New World terra nullius (empty land)
- Greatest concentrations of Indians and Inuit in Canada were along Pacific coast and in
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands
- Europeans and Inuit/Indian tribes met when Europeans were looking for trade routes to
the Orient → after contact, Inuit and Indian tribe numbers dropped sharply
- 1871: Aboriginal population of 122,700 compared to 500,000 before the
Europeans
- Depopulation d/t loss of hunting grounds to Europeans, and spread of new diseases
- French missionaries brought diseases to Huron villages, while the Iroquois attacked the
Huron villages and destroyed the Huron Confederacy in 1649
- John Cabot was the first European explorer to land in Canada after brief settlement of
the Norse at the tip of NEwfoundland around AD 1000, reached east coast in 1497 → he
was followed by Jacques Cartier and Martin Frobisher
- 1534: Jacques Cartier made contact with two Indian tribes along Gaspe coast
- 1576: Frobisher encountered Inuit encampment along Arctic coast of southern Baffin
Islands
- Ores that explorers took back to Paris and London was fool’s gold (iron pyrites) instead
of gold
Culture Regions
- Seven culture regions in Canada: Eastern Woodlands, Eastern Subarctic, Western
Subarctic, Arctic, Plains, Plateau, Northwest Coast
- Inuit occupied Arctic region; Cree occupied Eastern Subarctic; Innu resided further east
- Cree developed snowshoes to hunt moose in deep snow
- Western Subarctic: Athapaskans hunted caribou and other big-game animals
- Northwest Coast Indians harvested rich marine life along Pacific coast
- In southern interior of BC, the Plateau Indians occupied valleys of Cordillera, forming
Plateau cultural region
- Eastern Woodlands: Iroquois and Huron
The Second People
- Colonization of NA by French and British
- France and England established colonies in NA in 17th century
- Quebec city, founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, was the first permanent
settlement in Canada → french population increased
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Chapter 12: a country of regions within a global economy. Old world hunters were first people to arrive in na by crossing beringia into alaska and. 15,00 years ago: great melt old world hunters migrated inland na. Two theories of how old world hunters travelled inland: corridor and sea route. Corridor theory: ice free corridor appeared 13,000-14,000 year ago. Sea route theory: old world hunters reached inland by island-hopping along sea edge of cordillera ice sheet until they reached us pacific coast. By 11,000 bp, humans inhabited the length of the americas, with greatest concentrations along pacific coasts of two continents. People who devised the fluted spear points characteristic of clovis culture. Oldest fluted points in na are 11,500 year ago. 9,000 years ago: many large species (wooly mammoths, mastodons) become extinct d/t excessive hunting and climatic change. Paleo-indian cultures (folsom and plano) developed unfluted stone points with stems for attachment to spear shafts.
