BIOLOGY 1M03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 25: Javan Rhinoceros, Mns Antigen System, Ujung Kulon National Park

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grayworm664

15 May 2017

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Are mn blood types in humans in hwe: most human populations have two co dominant alleles for the mn blood group, a gene that governs protein in the blood. How can we test if this locus is in the hwe: estimate genotype frequencies by observation, calculate allele frequencies from the observed genotype frequencies, use the allele frequencies to calculate the expected genotype frequencies assuming. Hwe: compare the observed and expected genotype frequencies. Maybe genetic drift, natural selection, or maturation etc. Steps: quantify observed genotype frequencies, calculate allele frequencies from observed genotype frequencies, calculate expected genotype frequencies from allele frequencies assuming hwe, compare observed and expected ex. Female have preference on men with dirty shirts based on their use of the pill: opposite effect was observed for women on the pill. A and hla-b genes might be more hit than homozygotes, researchers used genotypes of 125.

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Q5. A sunflower population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has the following allele frequencies for petal color: 0.75 dominant, 0.25 recessive. If the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium continue to hold, then after 200 generations:

The allele frequencies will be: 0.75 dominant and 0.25 recessive.

The allele frequencies will be: 0.50 dominant and 0.50 recessive.

The allele frequencies will be: 1.0 dominant and 0 recessive. T

here is no way to predict allele frequencies, given the information provided.

Q6. Mead and his colleagues proposed a hypothesis for the apparent heterozygote advantage for the PrP locus. What did they suggest as the basis for the high presence of both alleles?

History of cannibalism.

Protection from malaria.

Protection against plague.

They did not propose a heterozygotic advantage for the PrP locus.

Q7. A frog population has two alleles for skin color at the following relative frequencies: Allele SC1= 0.8, Allele SC2 = 0.2. Allele SC2 is:

Dominant

Recessive

Co-dominant

Impossible to determine dominance from the information given.

Q8. A bird population has two alleles for feather color at the following relative frequencies: Allele FC1 = 0.5, Allele FC2 = 0.5. Allele FC1 is:

Dominant

Recessive

Co-dominant

Impossible to determine dominance from the information given.

Q9. Use the following information for both questions 9 and 10: You encounter a few populations of millipedes with variation in skin color. Genotype can be inferred from coloration: CC millipedes are black, Cc millipedes are brown, and cc millipedes are yellow. [You can launch a calculator byclicking here.] If one millipede population has 60 black individuals, 20 brown individuals, and 20 yellow individuals, what is the relative frequency of allele C in that population?

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Impossible to calculate from the information given.

Q10. If another millipede population's allele frequencies are 0.5 for C and 0.5 for c, what is the expected frequency of the cc genotype in the population, if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

0.125

0.25

0.5

1.0

Impossible to calculate from the information given.

viridianlocust882

Q1. What are alleles?Different forms of the same gene.Different genes.The different characteristics of an organism.Genes found only in humans.Q2. If you add up the frequency of homozygotes + the frequency of heterozygotes for one gene (i.e. at one locus) in a population, what number do you get?Q3. People who are heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele:Are susceptible to malaria but not sickle-cell anemia.Are susceptible to sickle-cell anemia but not malaria.Are not susceptible to either sickle-cell anemia or malaria.Are susceptible to both sickle-cecell anemia and malaria.Q4. In the case study in this lab, which genotype is represented by "2pq" in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?Homozygous HbAHomozygous HbSHeterozygous HbA/HbSNo specific genotypeQ5. Suppose that, in an isolated village, the proportion of individuals that have sickle-cell anemia is 0.1 (or 1 of every 10 people). What proportion of the population should be sickle-cell carriers, according to Hardy-Weinberg expectations?Q6. When you simulated the elimination of malaria at the beginning of the lab, once the allele frequencies stabilized, what was the frequency of the HbA allele?Q7. When you investigated regional differences, what was the frequency (over many generations) of the HbS allele in the village in the "slightly wet" part of Africa?Q8. What is the number of deaths due to sickle-cell anemia in a region without mosquitoes expected to be?Very lowVery highModerateRelated to the frequency of malaria allelesQ9. As long as there are multiple alleles of a gene in a population, why will the frequencies of the alleles always change over time?Because natural selection changes all allele frequencies in populations over time.Because genetic drift causes random fluctuations of allele frequencies in populations.Because diseases will eliminate some of the alleles, generating fluctuations in their frequencies.Because allele frequencies fluctuate before the alleles eventually become fixed.Q10. Imagine a huge population with a gene that has ten functionally equivalent, neutral alleles. A small but genetically representative group of individuals from the big population is transported to an island, forming a small population. Which of the statements below best describes what will likely happen over time, and why?Because natural selection doesn't act on neutral alleles, the frequencies in the two populations should remain the same over time.Genetic drift will cause one allele to first become fixed in the island population, and later to become fixed in the original, large population.Genetic drift will result in the allele frequencies of the two populations diverging over time, with alleles being lost sooner in the island population.The allele frequencies of the two populations will change similarly due to a combination of genetic drift natural selection.

indigosnake469

Kermode bears are white bears that are found in the rainforest on Princess Royal and Gribbell islands along the coast of British Columbia. This subspecies of black bears is known as the Spirit Bear. Its white fur is the result of a single nucleotide replacement in the melanocortin-1 (Mc1r) receptor portion of the gene that leads to the production of adenine instead of guanine. The white fur allele (W) is a recessive allele unique to this subspecies. Dr. Kermit Ritland and his colleagues found that approximately out of a total population of 73 bears on Princess Royal and Gribbell Islands 48 were white (WW). Of the black bears (BB and BW), 12 were homozygous and 13 were heterozygous. The percentage of white bears on the mainland drops off drastically with distance from those islands.

Assuming complete dominance, estimate the observed allele frequencies (maintain 3 significant digits for all calculations) (1pt)?
q =
p =
Thus, for a randomly mating population at equilibrium, the Hardy-Weinberg theorem gives us the genotype frequencies expected for Kermode bears (1pt).
The expected frequency of BB genotypes =
The expected frequency of BW genotypes =
The expected frequency of WW genotypes =
If there is a population of 37 bears on Princess Royal Island, how many would you expect to be black (1pt)?
How many would you expect to be white (1pt)?

You can use the Chi-square statistic to test whether the observed numbers of your BB,
BW, and WW genotypes (your categories) differ from your expected proportions morethan you would expect due to chance. The Chi-square statistic is a probability distributionthat we can use to estimate the probability (âp-valueâ) of finding differences in observedand expected values. If the observed values are very different from the expected values(resulting in a large Chi-square value), we would say there is a low probability (p<0.01)of that difference occurring due to chance alone. This outcome would suggest somemechanism of evolution (drift, natural selection, etc.) is pushing allele frequencies out ofHardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Use the Chi-square calculator to test for differences in your observed numbers of the three genotypes and the expected frequencies on Princess RoyalIsland (using the âfraction expectedâ option) at:https://graphpad.com/quickcalcs/chisquared1.cfm.

Are the observed numbers and expected frequencies significantly different? What doesthis mean is happening to white bears on Princess Royal Island (2pts)?

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BIOLOGY 1M03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 25: Javan Rhinoceros, Mns Antigen System, Ujung Kulon National Park

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