BIOLOGY 1A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Spindle Apparatus, Sister Chromatids, Cell Division

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Cell division is the process by which cells make more cells. Cell division is needed for growth, repair, and reproduction. While cell division may seem simple, there are a few requirements; The two daughter cells must each receive the full complement of the genetic material. The parent cell must be large enough to divide in two and contribute suf cient macromolecules (like lipids and proteins) The majority of prokaryotic cells divide by binary ssion, a form of cell division where a cell replicates its dna, increases in size, and divides into two daughter cells. Let"s consider the process of binary ssion in the intestinal bacterium e. coli. The circular genome of e. coli is attached by proteins to the inside of the plasma membrane. The cell and dna then elongate, and the two dna attachment sites move apart. When the cell is about twice the original size and the.

Related Questions

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

indigohedgehog242

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)

metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis

Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)

water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes

Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)

potential
reaction
initiation
activation

Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)

lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus

Question 25.25. Photosynthesis uses sunlightto convert water and carbon dioxide into __. (Points : 2)

carbon dioxide andwater
oxygen and sugars
proteins and sugars
carbon dioxide andoxygen

Question 26.26. The _____ of photosynthesisare the _____ of cellular respiration. (Points : 2)

electrons, protons
pigments, products
products, reactants
elements, atoms

Question 27.27. The energy currency of thecell is __. (Points : 2)

glucose
ATP
starch
glycogen

Question 28.28. When blood glucose levelsdecrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped first?(Points : 2)

glycogen
fats
steroids
amino acids

Question 29.29. When glucose is used as anenergy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the ____portion of the entire respiratory process. (Points : 2)

glycolytic
Kreb's cycle
acetyl-CoAformation
electron transportchain

Question 30.30. Pyruvic acid can be regardedas the end product of ____. (Points : 2)

glycolysis
fermentation
the Kreb cycle
the electron transportchain

Question 31.31. How can one increase the rateof a chemical reaction? (Points : 2)

Increase the activationenergy.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the pH.
Add an enzyme(catalyst).

Question 32.32. A prokaryote has ___. (Points: 2)

membrane-boundorganelles
nucleus
mitochondria
a cell membrane

Question 33.33. Unlike animal cells, plantcells have __. (Points : 2)

cell membranes
cell walls
chromosomes
mitochondria

Question 34.34. Which of the followingrequires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? (Points: 2)

diffusion
osmosis
active transport
passive transport

Question 35.35. The ___ is the site of proteinsynthesis. (Points : 2)

nucleus
ribosome
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton

Question 36.36. Diffusion of water through asemipermeable membrane is called __. (Points : 2)

osmosis
diffusion
active transport
passive transport

Question 37.37. Which component of a cellmembrane is likely to function as a transporter? (Points : 2)

cholesterol
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

Question 38.38. If potato slice is placed indistilled water, the cells would most likely __. (Points : 2)

lose water and becomelimp
neither take up water orlose water
take up water andswell
transport water into thecell by active transport.

Question 39.39. The chloroplast functions in___. (Points : 2)

protein synthesis
lipid storage
DNA replication
photosynthesis

Question 40.40. The fluid mosaic modelpresents the modern view of ___. (Points : 2)

the cell membranestructure
chromosome movementduring mitosis
protein synthesis
ATP production

Question 41.41. During which stage of mitosisdo nucleoli reappear and the nuclear membrane reforms? (Points :2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 42.42. During which stage of mitosisdo chromatids separate to form two sets of daughter chromosomes?(Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 43.43. Which of the following is thelongest stage of mitosis? (Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 44.44. When during the cell cycle isDNA replicated? (Points : 2)

metaphase
Synthesis phase (S)
G1
cytokinesis

Question 45.45. A cell with 10 chromosomesundergoes mitosis and cell division. How many daughter cells areproduced and what number of chromosomes do they have? (Points :2)

4 daughter cells, 20chromosomes each
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each

Question 46.46. Maize (corn) has a haploidnumber of 10. How many chromosomes are in a zygote of maize?(Points : 2)

5
10
20
Not enough informationprovided

Question 47.47. Crossing over is one of themost important events in meiosis because __. (Points : 2)

homologous chromosomesare separated into different daughter cells
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved
sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells
it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity

Question 48.48. While viewing stained onionroot tip cells you notice that distinct chromosomes cannot beobserved in most of the cells. This is because most of the cells___. (Points : 2)

were killed whilepreparing the slide
are in Interphase
are in metaphase
are undergoingMeiosis

Question 49.49. Each offspring cell producedby binary fission contains __. (Points : 2)

half the chromosomes ofthe original cell
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell
an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes
an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome.

Question 50.50. A DNA strand has the sequenceA-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A. What would be its complementary strand? (Points: 2)

G-T-G-A-T-T-A-C-G
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A
T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T
U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U

erinmoose680

1)What are the inputs of photosynthesis?

2)What are the outputs of photosynthesis?

3)Light-Dependent Reactions

Where does the first stage of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions, occur within a chloroplast?

Where does the energy come from that drives these reactions?

What molecule donates an electron to the reaction center of photosystem II?

How is the energy of an electron changed as it moves along the ETC?

How does the electrical charge of the thylakoid membrane affect protons (H+) within the chloroplast?

Where does the electron that is donated to photosystem I come from?

What are the final products of this series of reactions?

What happens to each of the final products from this series of reactions?

4)Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

a.Where does the second stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin Cycle, occur within a chloroplast?

b.What are the direct inputs for these reactions?

c.What are the three steps to the Calvin cycle?

d.What are the final products of this reaction?

e.What role does rubisco play in the Calvin Cycle?

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

amberkoala41

BIOLOGY 1A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Spindle Apparatus, Sister Chromatids, Cell Division

BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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