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BIOLOGY 1A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Hydrophile, Polymerization, Phosphodiester Bond

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11 Dec 2012

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BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

Document Summary

Biology chapter 4: nucleic acids and the rna world. Components of a nucleotide: phosphate group bonded to, sugar bonded to, nitrogenous base. Mainly two types of nucleotides: ribonucleotides. Oh group bonded to second carbon in the ring: deoxyribonucleotides. H group bonded to second carbon in the ring. Nitrogenous base attached at c #1, phosphate group at c #5, c #3 oh is involved in bonding with next nucleotide. Polymerization reaction involves the formation of a bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the sugar component of a nucleotide (phosphodiester bond) When nucleotides involve ribose, the polymer produced is ribonucleic acid (rna) When nucleotides involve deoxyribose, the polymer produced is deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) The sugar-phosphate spine of a nucleic acid is directional, as is the peptide-bonded spine of a polypeptide. Sequence of nitrogenous bases forms the primary structure of the molecule. Polymerization reactions are catalyzed by enzymes and is endergonic.

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Related Questions

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

The term replication refers to DNA's abilityto

a. attack bacteriaphages

b. make copies of itself

c. respond to X-ray photography

d. twist into a helix

Meselson and Stahl performed thedensity-gradient centrifugation of DNA in a solution of calciumchloride.

a. found in bacteria but not viruses.

b. found in proteins but not nucleic acids.

c. found in nucleic acid but notproteins.

d. found in viruses but not bacteria.

e. needed for bacteriophages to attach tobacteria.

Chargaff's rule state that in DNA, the amount ofadenine equals

a. the amount of cytosine

b. the amount guanine

c. the amount of thymine

d. the amount of guanine and thymine

Each complete turn of the DNA helix is howlong?

Griffin did an experiment in which live Rbacteria was changed by dead S bacteria. Such a change is anexample of

a. translocation

b. transformation

c. transduction

d. fertilization

One of Chargaff's rules state

a. A + T = G + C

b. A + G = T + C

c. A = G, T = C

d. A = C, T = G

The diameter of the DNA ladder is always

Which of the following is a purine base?

b. malomine

d. All of the above

According to the base pairing rules, guaninebinds with

Which of the following is a pyrimidinebase?

d. None of the answers

Each nucleotide in a DNA molecule is constructedof

a. a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and anitrogen base

b. a phosphate group, a six carbon sugar,and a nitrogen base

c. a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and aoxygen base

d. a sulfur group, a five carbon sugar molecule,and a nitrogen base

The term replication refers to DNA's abilityto

a. attack bacteriaphages

b. make copies of itself

c. respond to X-ray photography

d. twist into a helix

Meselson and Stahl performed thedensity-gradient centrifugation of DNA in a solution of calciumchloride.

a. found in bacteria but not viruses.

b. found in proteins but not nucleic acids.

c. found in nucleic acid but notproteins.

d. found in viruses but not bacteria.

e. needed for bacteriophages to attach tobacteria.

Chargaff's rule state that in DNA, the amount ofadenine equals

a. the amount of cytosine

b. the amount guanine

c. the amount of thymine

d. the amount of guanine and thymine

Each complete turn of the DNA helix is howlong?

Griffin did an experiment in which live Rbacteria was changed by dead S bacteria. Such a change is anexample of

a. translocation

b. transformation

c. transduction

d. fertilization

One of Chargaff's rules state

a. A + T = G + C

b. A + G = T + C

c. A = G, T = C

d. A = C, T = G

The diameter of the DNA ladder is always

Which of the following is a purine base?

b. malomine

d. All of the above

According to the base pairing rules, guaninebinds with

Which of the following is a pyrimidinebase?

d. None of the answers

Each nucleotide in a DNA molecule is constructedof

a. a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and anitrogen base

b. a phosphate group, a six carbon sugar,and a nitrogen base

c. a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and aoxygen base

d. a sulfur group, a five carbon sugar molecule,and a nitrogen base