PSYC 213 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Animage, Steven Pinker, Apoptosis
8 Sep 2016
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Study%:%to%measure%imagery%and%concreteness: participants%are%given%the%definition%of%low%and%high%degrees%of%imagery%and%high%and%low%concreteness. , they%would%rate%the%words%on%a%7%point%scale,%anchored%either%with%high%and%low%imagery%or%high%and%low% concreteness. %, conclusion:%high%imagery%and%concreteness%tended%to%be%highly%correlated. , paivio%argued%that%imagery%and%concreteness%measure%two%aspects%of%the%same%processes%because%experiences%of% concrete%events%is%necessarily%saturated%with%images. %, concepts%such%as%love%and%pain%can%elicit%vivid%images%and%can%be%caused%by%concrete%events%but%are%not%concrete% themselves. %, thus%in%addition%to%external%sources%there%are%internal,%emotional%sources%of%imagery. %% Group%4:%both%words%abstract%(event/theory): participants%listened%to%the%list%of%words%and%then%were%given%the%first%(stimulus)%word%of%each%and%had%to%recall%the% second. , conclusion:%learning%was%best%when%both%words%were%concrete,%worst%when%both%words%were%abstract. , concrete%stimuli%led%to%better%recall%of%the%second%word%than%abstract%stimuli. , the%participant%then%rated%the%imagejability%of%each%word,%concrete%words%had%higher%imagejability%than%abstract% ones. %, according%to%dualjcoding%theory%concretes%words%can%be%encoded%by%both%the%verbal%and%nonjverbal%systems,%this% makes%concrete%words%more%easily%accessible. , abstract%words%would%be%less%effective%memory%cues%because%they%are%not%encoded%imaginally. % Imagery%and%mnemonics%: mnemonic"techniques:%techniques%used%to%aid%memory, method"of"loci:%two%parts%places(loci)%and%images, establish%a%cognitive%map%of%a%building%or%a%place%and%in%each%loci%place%an%image%representing%one%of%the%things%to% be%remembered. %, to%recall%something%imagine%walking%through%the%building%and%collecting%the%images. %, e. g. %bower%suggested%a%mental%shopping%list%by%placing%the%thing%you%need%in%your%house,%such%as%a%cow%for%milk%in% the%living%room,%bread%in%the%bed%etc. % Findings%suggest%that%bizarre%items%are%remembered%better%when%they%occur%along%with%common%items: participants%were%given%a%list%of%sentences,%some%bizarre%and%some%common, shown%together%the%bizarre%sentences%were%recalled%better, shown%only%bizarre%sentences%the%recall%was%no%better%than%if%they%were%shown%only%common%sentences. , von"restorff"effect:"if%one%item%in%a%set%is%different%from%others,%it%will%be%more%likely%to%be%recalled. , being% different %is%subjective,%if%there%is%a%bizarre%sentence%among%common%ones%it%is%different%and%distinctive,%if%all%the% sentences%are%bizarre%none%seem%particularly%distinctive. %%" Schmidt:%humor%can%have%an%effect%similar%to%distinctiveness%(study): participants%were%shown%cartoons%and%had%to%give%a%brief%description%of%each, 3%types%of%cartoons%used:%a%regular%set%of%humorous%cartoons,%one%set%rendered%humourless,%and%a%weird%set%of% cartoons%with%added%information%that%did%not%make%sense. , when%shown%all%three,%humorous%cartoons%were%recalled%better%than%humourless%or%weird%ones. %, however%humorous%items%are%only%better%recalled%when%contrasted%with%nonjhumorous%items%(such%as%humorless% or%weird%cartoon)% The%problem%of%distinctiveness%: people%often%believe%if%they%store%an%item%in%a%special%or%distinctive%place%they%will%remember%where%it%is. %, the%problem%is%people%often%forget%the% special%place , the% special%place %strategy%is%not%the%same%as%the%method%of%loci. %, a%special%place%to%store%something%is%meant%to%be%a%place%no%one%except%the%person%placing%it%there%can%find%it%and%is% therefore%put%in%an%unlikely%place%for%the%item%to%be, winograd%and%soloway%experiment%, one%group%rated%sentences%for%likelihood:%how%likely%is%it%that%that%somebody%would%store%that%particular%object%in% that%location?, another%group%rated%sentences%for%memorability:%how%memorable%would%that%location%be%as%a%place%to%store%that% item?, the%final%group%had%to%imagine%placing%each%item%in%the%location,%then%rated%each%location%for%memorability. %, all%groups%given%a%recall%task,%given%the%name%of%the%item%and%asked%to%recall%its%location. % Items%from%itemjlocation%pairings%that%had%a%low%likelihood%rating%were%less%remembered%than%those%with%high% likelihood%ratings. %regardless%of%the%level%of%rated%memorability. %: no%matter%how%memorable%we%think%a%location%is,%if%it%is%an%unlikely%place%for%the%item%we%will%remember%it%less%well% than%a%likely%place%for%the%item%to%be. %, distinctiveness%is%effective%for%remember%individual%items%but%not%useful%for%remember%the%association%between%items%, when%using%the%method%of%loci%you%begin%with%a%place%and%store%the%item%and%form%an%imaginative%relationship,%then%to% recall%you%recall%the%location%and%the%object%stored%there. , with%the% special%places %you%have%to%recall%the%item%and%then%the%location,%there%is%usually%no%imaginative%cue%to%link% the%object%with%the%place. %, metamemory:%beliefs%about%how%memory%works, deciding%to%hide%an%item%in%an%unusual%place%is%an%instance%of%metamemory%failure. % Vividness%of%visual%imagery: eidetic%imagery%may%only%be%an%extreme%form%of%the%ability, vividness"of"visual"imagery:"degree%to%which%images%are%clear%and%lively,%resembling%actual%percepts, vividness%can%vary%widely%, measured%using%the%vividness%of%visual%imagery%questionnaire%or%vviq, a%clear%image%is%one%where%the%color%is%bright%the%form%is%well%defined%etc. %, vviq%asks%participants%to%imagine%a%set%of%people%and%scenes. %they%then%rate%the%vividness%of%parts%of%the%imagines% images%on%a%scale%ranging%from% perfectly%clear%and%as%vivid%as%normal%vision %to% no%image%at%all %%, participants%receive%a%score%based%on%ratings, vividness%does%not%seem%to%be%a%good%predictor%of%better%memory%performance%on%memory%tasks. %, baddeley%and%andrade%study:, participants%rated%their%knowledge%of%birds%as%either% good ,% moderate %or% poor , they%then%examined%pictures%of%birds%from%a%book%of%british%and%european%birds%and%were%given%the%names%of%such% birds, they%were%then%given%the%name%and%had%to%imagine%the%bird%and%rate%the%vividness%of%the%image%(%0% %no%image%to% Shephard%and%metzler:%: participants%were%presented%1600%pairs%of%line%drawings, half%the%pairs%showed%the%same%object,%half%showed%different%objects%, the%pairs%that%showed%the%same%objects%were%rotated%and%would%need% mentally%rotated%to%see%they%were%the%same, the%angular%rotation%varied%from%0%degrees%to%180%degrees%in%20% increments%, some%required%rotation%in%plane%and%others%in%depth, participants%had%to%answer%whether%the%objects%were%the%same%or% different%by%pulling%a%lever%with%either%their%left%or%right%hand,%the% time%was%measures%also, the%greater%the%angular%rotation%required%the%longer%the%participants% make%the%decision%, mental%rotation:%imagining%an%object%in%motion%and%viewing%it%from% different%perspectives. %, the%speed%of%mental%rotation%in%the%study%was%60%degrees%per%second. %%% Is%mental%rotation%a%rightjhemisphere%process?: existing%evidence%is%not%decisive%% to%be% degree% decision% took%to, mental%rotation%is%not%a%linguistic%process%and%for%that%reason%may%be%localized%to%the%rightjhemisphere. %, milivojevic,%johnson,%hamm,%and%corballis%eventjrelated%potentials%(erp)%study:%% If%they%could%find%the%location%they%pressed%a%button%or%pressed%another%button%if%they%could%not%find%the%location. %: for%locations%on%the%map,%the%farther%they%were%apart%the%longer%it%took%to%mentally%scan%them. , objective"distances:%true%distance%between%objects%in%the%real%world%which%are%preserved%in%our%mental%image. %, rinck%and%denis:, categorical"distance:"the%number%of%units%traversed%during%mental%scanning;%e. g. %rooms%in%a%house,%states%in%a% country. %, participants%given%a%map%of%a%museum%floor,%divided%into%rooms%of%varying%sizes,%each%with%different%artists%work% inside. %" Farrah%study:: participants%were%shown%a%grid%of%shaded%squares%that%could%either%be%and%h%or%a%t, they%were%told%to%only%focus%on%one%letter,%this%facilitates%the%detection%of%probes%the%that%area, the%results%of%attending%to%an%area%and%projecting%an%image%on%the%area%are%the%same,%imagery%is%an%active%process% that%readies%one%for%perceiving%information. , brockmole,%wang%and%irwin:, shown%a%4x4%grid,%with%some%squares%filled%with%a%dot,%this%grid%disappeared%and%was%replaced%with%another%4x4% grid%with%dots%in%other%squares. , one%square%was%not%filled%in%in%both%grids,%and%the%participants%had%to%identify%which%one, performance%was%best%when%the%time%between%grids%was%1300%milliseconds, the%percept%of%grid%2%could%be%integrated%with%the%image%of%grid%1%to%create%a%representation%that%allowed% participants%to%detect%the%empty%square. % Images%and%ambiguous%figures: chambers%and%reisberg:%, shown%examples%of%ambiguous%figures,%then%each%participant%was%able%to%see%the%reverse%from%one%view%to%another, then%shown%duck/rabbit%illusion%and%asked%to%form%a%mental%picture, shown%dog/chef%picture%and%told%they%could%see%two%different%things, asked%to%try%to%reverse%the%mental%image%they%made%of%the%duck/rabbit%image, none%could%do%so,%but%they%could%draw%the%figure, argued%that%mental%images%are%not%ambiguous%"
