PSYC 1001 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Episodic Memory, Cocktail Party, Implicit Memory
16 Jun 2018
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Psychology Chapter 7 Notes
- Semantic memory: Memory for general information
- Episodic memory: Memory for personal events
- Coined by Endel Tulving
- Patient K.C
o Suffered from serious brain damage after a motorcycle accident
o Semantic memory was unimpaired
o He ould’t eee aythig that has ee happeed to hi
o Contributed to our knowledge on the distinction between semantic and episodic
memory, & the distinction between implicit and explicit memory, & learnings on
amnesia
- Three main questions:
o How does information get into memory?
o How is information maintained in memory?
o How is information pulled back out of memory?
- Encoding: getting information in (forming a memory code)
o Transform information into form that can be retained; requires attention
- Storage: maintaining information (involves maintaining encoded information in memory
over time)
o Keeping information in memory
- Retrieval: getting information out (involves recovering information from memory stores)
o When information stored in memory is brought back to mind
The role of attention
- Attention: involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
o Selective attention Is critical to everyday functioning (selection of input)
- Cocktail party phenomenon: stimuli are screened out late, after the brain has processed
the meaning or significance of the input
- The location of the attention filter is most likely flexible over fixed and depends on the
cognitive load of current information processing
- Complicated, high load tasks that consume a lot of attentional capacity = early selection
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- Simpler, low load task’s, more attentional capacity is left over to process the meaning of
distractions = late selection
Levels of processing
- Incoming information can be processed at different levels
- Deeper processing = lasts longer
Type of encoding
Level of processing
Example
Structural encoding:
emphasizes the physical
nature of the stimulus
Shallow processing
Is the word written in capital
letters?
Phonemic encoding:
emphasizes what a word
sounds like
Intermediate processing
Does the word rhyme with
weight?
Semantic encoding:
emphasizes the meaning of
verbal input
Deep processing
Would the word fit in the
sentence: he met a _____
o the steet?
- Levels of processing theory: proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer
lasting memory codes
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Enriching encoding
Process
Description
Elaboration
- Linking a stimulus to other
information at the time of encoding
- Differences in elaboration help
explain why different approaches to
semantic processing result in varied
amounts of retention
Visual imagery
- The creation of visual images to
represent the words to be
remembered
- Best recall is of high-high words
(juggler-dress) and worst recall is of
low-low pairings (quality-necessity)
- Dual coding theory: memory is
enhanced by forming semantic and
visual codes, since either can lead to
recall
Self-referent encoding
- Self-referent encoding: involves
deciding how or whether information
is personally relevant
- Enhances recall by promoting
additional elaboration and better
organization of information
Deep processing
- Do meaningful things with
information and not just repeat or
highlight it
- Effective encoding and rehearsal
- Distribute practice, minimize interference
- Organize information and personalize it
- Use verbal, visual mnemonics
- Use SQ3R
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Document Summary
Encoding: getting information in (forming a memory code: transform information into form that can be retained; requires attention. Storage: maintaining information (involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time: keeping information in memory. Retrieval: getting information out (involves recovering information from memory stores: when information stored in memory is brought back to mind. Attention: involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events: selective attention is critical to everyday functioning (selection of input) Cocktail party phenomenon: stimuli are screened out late, after the brain has processed the meaning or significance of the input. The location of the attention filter is most likely flexible over fixed and depends on the cognitive load of current information processing. Complicated, high load tasks that consume a lot of attentional capacity = early selection. Simpler, low load task"s, more attentional capacity is left over to process the meaning of distractions = late selection. Incoming information can be processed at different levels.
