PSYC 381 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Psychopathology, Behaviour Therapy, Amyloid Beta
14 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
What are the definitional issues in psychopathology related to aging? Describe
the multidimensional approach to psychopathology and the influence of each
force. How is ethnicity related to mental health? (pp. 276-279)
-Important key when attempting to define issues in psychopathology
related to aging is to interpret specific behaviours within a given
context; the whole picture must be looked at.
-The multidimensional approach views adults' behaviour from a life-
span developmental forces perspective to allow a broader range of
causes to be assessed and taken into account.
4 forces:
1. Biological force
2. Psychological
3. Sociocultural
4. Life cycle factors
-Poverty and social class are primary influences on the inability to
diagnose mental disorders.
-People in different ethnic groups have different ways of describing
how they feel
1.
What is multidimensional assessment? What are the factors that affect
assessment? What are the major assessment methods? What are the
developmental issues related to therapy? (pp. 279-282)
-Often done by a team of professionals; psychologist, social worker,
physician. Assessment makes it possible to describe the behavior or
other characteristics in meaningful ways
-Two major factors that may affect assessment: biases and
environmental conditions.
6 major assessment methods:
1. Interview
2. Self report
3. Report by others
4. Psychophysiological assessment
5. Direct observation
6. Performance based assessment
-Developmental issues is that the ways in which medications work
changes with age.
-Clinicians must adapt techniques to the unique needs of older
adults that focuses on recovery.
-The major issue in psychotherapy is establishing whether a
particular therapeutic approach is effective.
2.
What are the common symptoms and characteristics of people with
depression? What are assessment scales, and how are they used on older
populations? What are the causes of depression? (pp. 282-285)
-Being female, unmarried, widowed, or recently bereaved; experiencing stressful
life events; and lacking adequate social support.
-Most common symptom is feeling down and isolate themselves.
-Second most common is physical symptoms.
-Assessment scales help detect depression, and focus on feelings and physical
symptoms.
-Scales such as the Geriatric Depression Scale are aimed specifically at older adults
and omit physical symptom assessments.
-Causes are known as genetic predisposition, brain changes, and changes in
neurotransmitters.
3.
Describe the different treatments for depression and the developmental issues.
What is delirium, and why is it relevant in aging? (pp. 285-288)
-2 categories of treatment: medical treatments and psychotherapy.
-Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effect treatment for severe
depression, and who do not respond to medications.
-Behaviour therapy, which focuses on attempts to alter current
behavior without necessarily addressing underlying causes
-Cognitive behaviour therapy, which attempts to alter the ways
people think.
-Delirium is characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a
change in cognition that develop over a short period of time
-Older adults take more medications on average than other age
groups, they are more susceptible to delirium.
4.
What is dementia? What is Alzheimer’s disease? Describe the neurological
changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. What are the major symptoms, and
how is it diagnosed? (pp. 287-294)
-Dementia is the loss of your mind, being reduced from a complex, thinking,
feeling human being to a confused, vegetative victim.
-Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of progressive, degenerative and
fatal dementia, accounting for perhaps as many as 70% of all cases of dementia.
-The changes in the brain that characterize Alzheimer's disease are microscopic.
-Rapid cell death occurs in the hippocampus, the cortex and the basal forebrain.
-Major symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are gradual declines in cognitive
functioning.
-Has an average duration of 9 years and is often worse in the evening.
-Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease consists of carefully noting the history of the
symptoms, documenting the cognitive impairments.
5.
What are the major hypotheses for the causes of Alzheimer’s disease? What
kinds of intervention strategies are available to treating Alzheimer’s disease?
What are the issues for caregivers of who care for dementia patients at home?
(pp. 294-299)
-The beta amyloid cascade hypothesis refers to the process by which beta-amyloid
deposits create neuritic plaques, that in turn lead to neurofibrillary tangles, that
cause neuronal death and when this occurs severely enough, Alzheimer's disease.
-1st intervention strategy is medicine.
-2nd intervention strategy is behavioural.
-Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour (DRI), rewards the person
with Alzheimer's disease for engaging in appropriate behaviours.
-Issue is the loss of money the caregivers have because of taking time out of their
working day to care for their loved ones.
-Care providers are at risk for depression and stress
-Insurance companies don't cover much of the cost.
6.
List and describe the five other forms of dementia and any distinguishing
features associated with each type. (pp. 299-301)
1. Vascular Dementia:
-Tend to have a history of CVA or strokes.
-Die within 2-3 years.
2. Parkinson's Disease
-characterized by easily visible motor symptoms such as slow walking
3. Huntington's Disease
-Involuntary flicking movements of the arms and legs
4. Alcohol-Related Dementia
-Results in cognitive decline
-Person often makes up stories
5. AIDS Dementia Complex
-Persons with more advanced HIV infection.
-Cognitive motor impairment
7.
What are anxiety disorders, and how are they treated? What are psychotic
disorders, and how are they treated? (pp. 301-304)
-Anxiety disorders include problems such as feelings of severe anxiety for no
apparent reason.
-The problem for diagnosis, is there usually is nothing specific a person can point
to as a specific trigger or cause.
-Anxiety can be treated with medication and psychotherapy
-Psychotic disorders involve losing touch with reality and the disintegration of
personality. Experience delusions and hallucinations.
-Medical treatment
-Comprehensive and integrated social rehabilitation program combined with
health care management intervention can be effective.
8.
What are the major issues associated with substance abuse across the lifespan?
How does alcohol dependency differ across age? (pp. 304-306)
-There are gender and ethnic group differences in alcohol abuse.
-As we age, metabolism greatly slows and affects how our bodies break down the
intake of substances.
-The earlier drinking begins, the more likely brain damage occurs and alcohol
dependence develops
-Young adult drinkers are less likely to feel the effects of alcohol
-Middle age is when the effects of continued alcohol dependence that began in
young adulthood become evident.
-Older adults may feel extreme reactions with the medications they are taking and
their body metabolizes the alcohol more slowly.
9.
L10 -Mental Health and Mental Disorders
Thursday, May 24, 2018
10:47 AM
What are the definitional issues in psychopathology related to aging? Describe
the multidimensional approach to psychopathology and the influence of each
force. How is ethnicity related to mental health? (pp. 276-279)
-Important key when attempting to define issues in psychopathology
related to aging is to interpret specific behaviours within a given
context; the whole picture must be looked at.
-The multidimensional approach views adults' behaviour from a life-
span developmental forces perspective to allow a broader range of
causes to be assessed and taken into account.
4 forces:
1. Biological force
2. Psychological
3. Sociocultural
4. Life cycle factors
-Poverty and social class are primary influences on the inability to
diagnose mental disorders.
-People in different ethnic groups have different ways of describing
how they feel
1.
What is multidimensional assessment? What are the factors that affect
assessment? What are the major assessment methods? What are the
developmental issues related to therapy? (pp. 279-282)
-Often done by a team of professionals; psychologist, social worker,
physician. Assessment makes it possible to describe the behavior or
other characteristics in meaningful ways
-Two major factors that may affect assessment: biases and
environmental conditions.
6 major assessment methods:
1. Interview
2. Self report
3. Report by others
4. Psychophysiological assessment
5. Direct observation
6. Performance based assessment
-Developmental issues is that the ways in which medications work
changes with age.
-Clinicians must adapt techniques to the unique needs of older
adults that focuses on recovery.
-The major issue in psychotherapy is establishing whether a
particular therapeutic approach is effective.
2.
What are the common symptoms and characteristics of people with
depression? What are assessment scales, and how are they used on older
populations? What are the causes of depression? (pp. 282-285)
-Being female, unmarried, widowed, or recently bereaved; experiencing stressful
life events; and lacking adequate social support.
-Most common symptom is feeling down and isolate themselves.
-Second most common is physical symptoms.
-Assessment scales help detect depression, and focus on feelings and physical
symptoms.
-Scales such as the Geriatric Depression Scale are aimed specifically at older adults
and omit physical symptom assessments.
-Causes are known as genetic predisposition, brain changes, and changes in
neurotransmitters.
3.
Describe the different treatments for depression and the developmental issues.
What is delirium, and why is it relevant in aging? (pp. 285-288)
-2 categories of treatment: medical treatments and psychotherapy.
-Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effect treatment for severe
depression, and who do not respond to medications.
-Behaviour therapy, which focuses on attempts to alter current
behavior without necessarily addressing underlying causes
-Cognitive behaviour therapy, which attempts to alter the ways
people think.
-Delirium is characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a
change in cognition that develop over a short period of time
-Older adults take more medications on average than other age
groups, they are more susceptible to delirium.
4.
What is dementia? What is Alzheimer’s disease? Describe the neurological
changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. What are the major symptoms, and
how is it diagnosed? (pp. 287-294)
-Dementia is the loss of your mind, being reduced from a complex, thinking,
feeling human being to a confused, vegetative victim.
-Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of progressive, degenerative and
fatal dementia, accounting for perhaps as many as 70% of all cases of dementia.
-The changes in the brain that characterize Alzheimer's disease are microscopic.
-Rapid cell death occurs in the hippocampus, the cortex and the basal forebrain.
-Major symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are gradual declines in cognitive
functioning.
-Has an average duration of 9 years and is often worse in the evening.
-Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease consists of carefully noting the history of the
symptoms, documenting the cognitive impairments.
5.
What are the major hypotheses for the causes of Alzheimer’s disease? What
kinds of intervention strategies are available to treating Alzheimer’s disease?
What are the issues for caregivers of who care for dementia patients at home?
(pp. 294-299)
-The beta amyloid cascade hypothesis refers to the process by which beta-amyloid
deposits create neuritic plaques, that in turn lead to neurofibrillary tangles, that
cause neuronal death and when this occurs severely enough, Alzheimer's disease.
-1st intervention strategy is medicine.
-2nd intervention strategy is behavioural.
-Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour (DRI), rewards the person
with Alzheimer's disease for engaging in appropriate behaviours.
-Issue is the loss of money the caregivers have because of taking time out of their
working day to care for their loved ones.
-Care providers are at risk for depression and stress
-Insurance companies don't cover much of the cost.
6.
List and describe the five other forms of dementia and any distinguishing
features associated with each type. (pp. 299-301)
1. Vascular Dementia:
-Tend to have a history of CVA or strokes.
-Die within 2-3 years.
2. Parkinson's Disease
-characterized by easily visible motor symptoms such as slow walking
3. Huntington's Disease
-Involuntary flicking movements of the arms and legs
4. Alcohol-Related Dementia
-Results in cognitive decline
-Person often makes up stories
5. AIDS Dementia Complex
-Persons with more advanced HIV infection.
-Cognitive motor impairment
7.
What are anxiety disorders, and how are they treated? What are psychotic
disorders, and how are they treated? (pp. 301-304)
-Anxiety disorders include problems such as feelings of severe anxiety for no
apparent reason.
-The problem for diagnosis, is there usually is nothing specific a person can point
to as a specific trigger or cause.
-Anxiety can be treated with medication and psychotherapy
-Psychotic disorders involve losing touch with reality and the disintegration of
personality. Experience delusions and hallucinations.
-Medical treatment
-Comprehensive and integrated social rehabilitation program combined with
health care management intervention can be effective.
8.
What are the major issues associated with substance abuse across the lifespan?
How does alcohol dependency differ across age? (pp. 304-306)
-There are gender and ethnic group differences in alcohol abuse.
-As we age, metabolism greatly slows and affects how our bodies break down the
intake of substances.
-The earlier drinking begins, the more likely brain damage occurs and alcohol
dependence develops
-Young adult drinkers are less likely to feel the effects of alcohol
-Middle age is when the effects of continued alcohol dependence that began in
young adulthood become evident.
-Older adults may feel extreme reactions with the medications they are taking and
their body metabolizes the alcohol more slowly.
9.
L10 -Mental Health and Mental Disorders
Thursday, May 24, 2018 10:47 AM
Document Summary
Describe the multidimensional approach to psychopathology and the influence of each force. How is ethnicity related to mental health? (pp. Important key when attempting to define issues in psychopathology related to aging is to interpret specific behaviours within a given context; the whole picture must be looked at. The multidimensional approach views adults" behaviour from a life- span developmental forces perspective to allow a broader range of causes to be assessed and taken into account. 4 forces: biological force, psychological, sociocultural, life cycle factors. Poverty and social class are primary influences on the inability to diagnose mental disorders. People in different ethnic groups have different ways of describing how they feel. What are the developmental issues related to therapy? (pp. Often done by a team of professionals; psychologist, social worker, physician. Assessment makes it possible to describe the behavior or other characteristics in meaningful ways. Two major factors that may affect assessment: biases and environmental conditions.
