PSYC1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Abraham Maslow, Motivation, Premarital Sex
PSYC1101 Chapter Notes
Chapter 11
Motivation
• Motivation influences the direction, vigour and persistence of goal-directed behaviour.
Homeostatic models view motivation as an attempt to maintain equilibrium in bodily systems.
Drive theories propose that tissue deficits create drives, such as hunger, that push an
organism to reduce that deficit and restore homeostasis
• Incentive theories emphasise environmental factors that pull people toward a goal.
Expectancy x value theory explains why the same incentive may motivate some people but not
others
• Psychodynamic theories emphasise that unconscious motives guide much of our behaviour.
Abraham Maslow proposed that need exist in a hierarchy, from basic biological needs to the
ultimate need for self-actualisation. Self-determination theory emphasises the importance of
three fundamental needs - competence, autonomy and relatedness, as well as distinctions
between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
• Physiological processes attempt to keep the body in energy homeostasis. Changes in the
supply of glucose available to cells provide one signal that helps initiate hunger. During meals.
Hormones such as CCK are released into the bloodstream and help signal the brain to stop
eating. Fat cells release leptin, which acts as a long-term signal that helps regulate appetite.
The hypothalamus plays an important role in hunger regulation.
• Through classical conditioning, neutral stimuli can acquire the capacity to trigger hunger.
Cultural norms affect our food preferences and eating habits. Heredity and the environment
affect our susceptibility to becoming obese.
• Anorexia and bulimia occur more often in cultures that value thinness and are associated with
somewhat different psychological profiles. Heredity predisposes some people toward
developing these eating disorders.
• The past half century has witnessed changing patterns of sexual activity, such as an increase in
premarital sex.
• During sexual intercourse, people often experience a four-stage physiological response
pattern consisting of excitement, plateau,, orgasm and resolution.
• Environmental stimuli affect sexual desire. Viewing sexual violence reinforces men's belief in
rape myths and generally increases men's aggression towards women.
• Sexual orientation involves dimensions of self-identity, sexual attraction and actual sexual
behaviour. Scientists still do not completely understand the bases for sexual orientation.
• People differ in how strongly they need to affiliate, and some theorists view affiliative
behaviour as governed by homeostatic principles.
• Situations that induce fear often increase people's tendency to affiliate. When afraid, people
often seek the company of others who have been through or are currently experiencing the
same, or a similar, situation
• Social exclusion is a painful experience for most people, and it often leads to attempts to
reconstruct socially in new relationships
• High-need achievers have a strong motive for success and relatively low fear of failure. They
tend to seek moderately difficult tasks that are challenging but attainable. Low-need achievers
are more likely to choose easy tasks, where success is assured, or very difficult tasks, where
success is not accepted.
• Mastery-approach, ego-approach, mastery-avoidance and ego-avoidance are four basic
achievement goals. Compared with ego-involving environments, mastery-involving
motivational climates foster more positive psychological and performance outcomes.
• Motivational goals may conflict with one another. Approach-approach conflict occurs when a
person has to select between two attractive alternatives, whereas avoidance-avoidance
Document Summary
Motivation: motivation influences the direction, vigour and persistence of goal-directed behaviour. Homeostatic models view motivation as an attempt to maintain equilibrium in bodily systems. Drive theories propose that tissue deficits create drives, such as hunger, that push an organism to reduce that deficit and restore homeostasis. Incentive theories emphasise environmental factors that pull people toward a goal. Expectancy x value theory explains why the same incentive may motivate some people but not others: psychodynamic theories emphasise that unconscious motives guide much of our behaviour. Abraham maslow proposed that need exist in a hierarchy, from basic biological needs to the ultimate need for self-actualisation. Self-determination theory emphasises the importance of three fundamental needs - competence, autonomy and relatedness, as well as distinctions between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: physiological processes attempt to keep the body in energy homeostasis. Changes in the supply of glucose available to cells provide one signal that helps initiate hunger.
