NUTR1023 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4-6: Osteoporosis, Blood Sugar, High-Density Lipoprotein
NUTR1023 Module Four Readings
Protein needs
• Protein is a critical part of the adult diet. Protein needs are proportional to body weight;
not energy intake. Most adults benefit from protein intakes about the minimum
recommended daily amount.
• It is widely thought that protein intake a about the minimum requirements have no
benefit and may pose long-term health risks. But diets with increased protein now show
that there are improvements to adult health with benefits for treatment ort prevention of
obesity, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and
sacropenia.
• Omissions in current understanding of dietary protein needs are that 1) nitrogen balance
and amino acid oxidation are only useful for defining minimum protein requirements
and not optimum amino acid needs, 2) protein requirement is proportional to body
weight and inversely proportional to energy intake, and 3) adults need more essential
amino acids (EAA) than children to maintain the efficiency of protein turnover in
structural tissues
• Protein helps to maintain the health of muscle and bone for it is an essential part of the
aging process and critical to maintain mobility, health and the active tissues of the
body. Protein needs become more important during periods of reduced food intake such
as weight loss or during periods of recovery after illness or during aging
• Breakfast is an important meal for dietary protein because the body is in a catabolic
state after an overnight fast. A meal with at least 30 g of protein is required to initiate
repletion of body proteins. Protein at breakfast is also critical for regulation of appetite
and daily food intake
High Protein Diet
• The definition of a high protein diet may include intakes greater than 15-16% of total
energy intake, intakes greater than the RDA or perhaps anything that exceeds 35% of
total energy intake. Thus, there is disagreement as to what constitutes a ‘high’ protein
diet
• According to the Position Stand by the International Society of Sports Nutrition, intakes
of 1.4-2.0 g/kg/d are needed for physically active individuals. A ‘high’ protein intake is
anything that exceeds 2.0 g/kg/d
• It is not clear if protein overfeeding will result in body fat gains. Certainly, overfeeding
in general will promote body weight and fat mass gain. Furthermore, the composition of
meals during times of overfeeding will differentially affect body composition. Two
weeks of overfeeding on candy versus peanuts showed that waist circumference
increased only in the candy group despite the identical increase in caloric intake. This
suggests that overfeeding on sugar results in body fat gains in contrast to consuming a
natural food comprised of unprocessed carbohydrate and fat
• Hypercaloric high protein diets do not contribute to a fat mass gain. Furthermore, there
is no change in body weight or lean body mass. This is in contrast with other
overfeeding studies which showed gains in body weight, fat mass and lean body mass;
however, those investigations were performed in non-exercise trained individuals that
were consuming a lower protein diet
Low-Carbohydrate Diets vs. Low-Fat Diets
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Document Summary
Protein needs: protein is a critical part of the adult diet. Protein needs are proportional to body weight; not energy intake. Most adults benefit from protein intakes about the minimum recommended daily amount. It is widely thought that protein intake a about the minimum requirements have no benefit and may pose long-term health risks. A meal with at least 30 g of protein is required to initiate repletion of body proteins. Protein at breakfast is also critical for regulation of appetite and daily food intake. High protein diet: the definition of a high protein diet may include intakes greater than 15-16% of total energy intake, intakes greater than the rda or perhaps anything that exceeds 35% of total energy intake. Thus, there is disagreement as to what constitutes a high" protein diet: according to the position stand by the international society of sports nutrition, intakes of 1. 4-2. 0 g/kg/d are needed for physically active individuals.
