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ZOOLOGY 102 Study Guide - Agnatha, Lamprey, Cnidaria

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UW-Madison
Department
Zoology
Course
ZOOLOGY 102
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All

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Document Summary

Radial: present in cnidaria, can be cut on many different planes to produce roughly identical pieces, no left and right sides. Bilateral: present in all phyla after cnidaria, mirrored sides, pentaradial. 5 or multiples of 5 parts arranged concentrically around a central axis. Pseudocoelomate: muscles in the body wall derived from mesoderm, but none of these muscles are on the outside of the digestive tract, very high pressure inside this, hemocoel. Blood filled space that bathes the tissues. Coelomate: cavity lined with epithelial derived from mesoderm. Protostomes: form mouth first, porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthese, annelid, mollusca, nematoda, and arthropada. Deustrostomes: form anus first, echnodermata and chordata. The things that give jellyfish their sting. Used as a defense strategy or to catch prey. They are used to filter water through the sponges microvilli. They pump water through the body for movement, circulation, feeding, and gas exchange. Chitinous ribbon typical for scraping cutting and chewing foos.

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Related Questions

Are the following statments True or false

16) Cladistics recognizes only groups of organisms that arerelated by distant descent.

17) The fossil record is no longer useful in modern biology,because DNA sequencing and molecular clocks provide the sameinformation much more accurately.

18) Vertebrates are members of the phylum Chordata, a group ofanimals whose other memberstunicates and lanceletsare quitedifferent from most modern vertebrates, being small, marine, andsluggish or entirely sessile as adults.

19) Specialization of feeding mechanisms is a key feature of theevolution of the Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii.

20) Fossil evidence indicates that vertebrates evolved in afreshwater environment and had appeared by the Early Cambrian.

21) The early radiation of jawed fishes, first known in detailfrom the fossil record in the Late Silurian, included four majorgroups. Two groups, the chondrichthyans and osteichthyans survivetoday.

22) In fishes with swim bladders, the rete mirabile moves gasespecially oxygen from the blood to the gas bladder.

23) A swimming fish experiences drag of two forms: viscous dragfrom friction between the fish’s body and water, and inertial dragfrom pressure differences created by the fish’s blood.

24) Chordates are distinguished from other organisms by thepresence of a notochord, a ventral solid nerve chord, a muscularpostanal tail, and an endostyle.

25) A pattern of fragmentation—coalescence—fragmentation hasresulted in the isolation and renewed contact of major groups ofvertebrates on a worldwide scale.

4.

The chordates share several features which have played asignificant role in the evolution of the phylum. Check all of thefeatures that one would use to exclusively classify members ofChordata and not members of Echinodermata.

a postanal tail during embryonicdevelopment
pharyngeal pouches during embryonicdevelopment
an endoskeleton
a notochord on the dorsal side ofthe gut in the early embryo
deuterostomic development of theembryo

a hollow nerve cord

5.

A number of major evolutionary innovations arose in the fishlineage. Check all of the evolutionary innovations associated withthe fishes.

Teeth arose from the rough scalesof ancestral sharks.
Skeletal developments leading tothe amphibian movement onto land probably evolved from lobe-finnedfishes.
Fish fins are ancestral(homologous) structures to the flippers (forelimbs) ofturtles.
The anterior gill arch formed thebasis for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw.

The swim bladder ultimately led to the evolution of theamphibian urinary bladder.

8.

Select the true statements concerning echinoderms.

They have an exoskeleton made ofhardened calcium carbonate plates.
Echinoderms have radiallysymmetrical larvae that give rise to bilaterally symmetricaladults.
Tube feet are used for locomotionand grasping objects.
Echinoderms are well represented inthe fossil record.

The blastopore of a sea star becomes its anus.

11.

A leafy sea dragon (Phycodurus eques) stays in a fixedposition in the water column as a tourist walks by the display inan aquarium. How is this possible?

The fish counteracts its negativebuoyancy by using its fins.
The fish is essentially hold itsbreath while remaining motionless.
The fish gulps air.

The fish has an operculum and a swim bladder.

15.

The biggest threat to terrestrial life when compared to anaquatic one is

availability of food.
lack of oxygen.
desiccation.

finding mates.

16.

A biologist looking for synapomorphic traits for chordates wouldchoose

segmentation.
possession of a backbone.
possession of an endoskeleton.
indeterminate radial cleavage inthe early embryo.

pharyngeal slits or pouches.

17.

Cartilage and bone contributed to increased size in vertebrates.Evaluate the following statements about these endoskeletal tissuesand determine if they are true or false.

1. A key element of vertebrate bone is a series of dermal ossiclesmade out of calcium carbonate. TrueFalse
2. Bone also contains crystals of a calcium phosphatesalt. TrueFalse
3. Cartilage contains fibers of the proteincollagen. TrueFalse
4. Vertebrate muscles work against bone to provide extraordinarypowers of locomotion. TrueFalse
5. Compared to chitin, bone is much less dynamic and morebrittle. TrueFalse

19.

The breast meat in the bucket of delicious fried chicken isresponsible for

swimming.
flying.
feeding.
jumping.

running.

20.

Whales have truly large body sizes. The only invertebrates thatattain body sizes much larger than humans are giant squids. Whatfeature do whales and giant squids share that allow them to attainsuch large sizes?

Endothermy
Large brains
Highly efficient gills
Internal skeletons

The table below shows the percent of each type of phospholipid fatty acid tail found in each type of the grass membranes on Oct. 2 and Dec. 8th. The first column in the table shows the length of the fatty acid tail and the number of double-bonds in the fatty acid. For example the fatty acid “16:0” would be a fatty acid that was 16 carbons long and had 0 double-bonds. The second and third columns show the percent of all phospholipid fatty acids that were of this type. For example, in grass collected on October 2nd, 23.9 % of the phospholipid fatty acids were 16 carbons long and had no double-bonds (16:0 type), and in the grass collected on Dec. 8th, 21.0 % of the phospholipid fatty acids were 16 carbons long and had no double-bonds (16:0 type).

Fatty Acid composition

of Phospholipids

October 2

December 8

% of phospholipids

% of phospholipids

16:0

23.9

21.0

16.1

0.4

0.7

18:0

0.8

0.4

18:1

9.6

6.1

18:2

34.4

38.6

18:3

30.2

32.4

20:0

0.7

0.7

A. For each date the grass was collected, calculate the total percent of phospholipid fatty acids that were saturated fatty acids and the total percent of phospholipid fatty acids that were unsaturated fatty acids.

B. Draw a column graph that shows the total percent of phospholipid fatty acids that were saturated for each date that grass was collected and the total percent of phospholipids that were unsaturated for each date that grass were collected.

C. Why are the % of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid tails on the phospholipids of the Oct 2nd collected grass and the Dec 8th collected grass not the same? Use your understanding of membrane fluidity to address why these percentages have changed during this time period.

D. During this experiment the concentration of cholesterol found in the membranes of the grass was also measured. On Oct. 2th the concentration of cholesterol was 1.10 umol/mg and on Dec. 8th the concentration of cholesterol was 1.22 umol/mg. Why did the concentration of cholesterol change? Use your understanding of membrane fluidity to address why these concentrations have changed during this time period.