CHEM 104 Study Guide - Final Guide: Hydrolysis, Lone Pair, Standard Hydrogen Electrode
9 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
UW-Madison
Chem 104
General Chemistry II
Spring 2018
Final Exam
Prof: L. Zelewski
Topics:
1) Organic Chemistry
2) Kinetics
3) Chemical Equilibrium
4) Acids and Bases
5) Aqueous Equilibria
6) Thermodynamics
7) Electrochemistry
Organic Chemistry
Drawing Molecules !
!
!
"" " Naming Molecules !
1.Find longest carbon chain!
2. Use appropriate prefix !
"Meth =1 eth=2 prop=3 but=4 pent=5 hex=6 hept=7 oct=8 non=9 dec=10 " "
"""3. For branches add “yl to prefix” !
""""-label duplicate branches (di, tri, ect.)!
""""-alphabetize multiple branches!
""""-every branch must have number !
""""-add commas between number !
"""4. Check for cis/trans isomers!
*Number longest chain beginning with the end of the chain nearest the branching !
Functional Groups !
Functional group: a distinctive group of atoms in an organic molecule that imparts characteristic
chemical properties to the molecule
Hydrocarbons: only carbon and hydrogen !
1. Akane!
"-C-C and C-H single bonds!
"-saturated (each carbon is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms)!
"-ends in -ane!
"-formula CnH(2n+2)!
"!
Dash and Wedge!
-bold comes toward!
-dashed goes behind !
Line drawing !
-each bend is a Carbon !
-each carbon must have four bonds
Correct vs incorrect !
-where to add branches
2. Cycloalkane !
"- saturated !
"-carbon atoms joined in rings of -CH2- units!
"- 3-membered ring unstable !
"- 4-membered ring somewhat stable !
"- 5-membered ring stable and almost planar !
"- 6-membered ring stable puckered!
!
3. Alkene!
"-a hydrocarbon with one or more C=C !
"-formula (for one double bond) : CnH2n !
"-unsaturated: fewer carbons than corresponding alkanes!
"-molecules named give double bond LOWEST number !
"Cis/Trans Isomerism !
""-The single C-C bond allows carbon atoms to rotate freely but in alkenes the "
""double bond prevents this rotation and is responsible for cis-trans isomerism !
""-the two isomers have different properties including melting point, boiling point, "!
""and density !
""-only when each carbon has two different groups
4.Aromatic
"-compound containing one or more benzene or benzene-like rings
"-all C-C bonds bond equivalent (1.5)!
Isomers: some molecular formula but different arrangements !
Cis-trans isomerism (geometric isomerism): occurs when molecules differ in their arrangement
of atoms on either side of a C=C double because their is no rotation around the C=C double
bond !
4. Alkyne !
"-a hydrocarbon with one or more C ≡ C !
"-formula (for one triple bond) : CnH(2n-2) !
Cis
Trans
Document Summary
1. find longest carbon chain: use appropriate pre x. Meth =1 eth=2 prop=3 but=4 pent=5 hex=6 hept=7 oct=8 non=9 dec=10. *number longest chain beginning with the end of the chain nearest the branching: for branches add yl to pre x , check for cis/trans isomers. Functional group: a distinctive group of atoms in an organic molecule that imparts characteristic chemical properties to the molecule. Saturated (each carbon is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms) Carbon atoms joined in rings of -ch2- units. Cis-trans isomerism (geometric isomerism): occurs when molecules di er in their arrangement of atoms on either side of a c=c double because their is no rotation around the c=c double bond. The single c-c bond allows carbon atoms to rotate freely but in alkenes the double bond prevents this rotation and is responsible for cis-trans isomerism. The two isomers have di erent properties including melting point, boiling point, and density.
