PSYC 1010 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Temporal Lobe, Solomon Asch, Social Psychology
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
PSYC 1010
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
1/22/18
Scientific methodology
- Question? → need to have definitions that are acceptable and workable
- Hypothesis & variables
- Test
- Conclude
- Report
Descriptive Methods
- Observation
- Making observations of many people in different environments
- Case Studies
- Observing one person very closely
- This is not usually the main method that psychologists use
- Surveys
- Lets people respond for themselves to how they are feeling about certain things
at that moment
Correlation: A statistical estimate of the relationship between variables
- Positive correlation: increases/decreases in one variables are associated with
increases/decreases on other (i.e. y=x)
- 0<r<1 -- the higher the number, the stronger the correlation
- .2 and lower is considered weak
- .2-.4 is considered moderate
- .4 and above is considered strong
- p < .001 -- statistical significance indicator
- Negative correlation: increases in one variable are associated with decreases on other
(i.e. y=-x+b)
- 0>r>=-1 -- the negative sign just tells you its a negative correlation - if the
absolute value of r is high then that means it is a strong correlation
- Correlation DOES NOT equal causation
- Why not?
- Directionality unclear - it could work both ways or in both direction
- Extraneous factors (3rd variables) - something else that explains the
relationship
Experiments
- Allow to argue cause
- Need to manipulate variable(s)
1/24/18
Experiments
- Allow to argue cause
- Need to manipulate variable(s)
- Independent variable: the variable you manipulate
- Dependent variable: the variable you measure
- Need to make sure there is control in an experiment in order to argue cause
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- Doing things at a certain time of day, controlling intelligence by “balancing things
out” with a large group, etc.
- Want to make sure there are no extraneous variables
- The only difference between groups is the independent variable
- Random assignment of people to groups
- Helps “control” for those things you couldn’t control, or haven’t thought of
- Bell curve- most people fall towards the average, based on most characteristics
- Assume a normal distribution of extraneous variables with random assignment to
groups, and conclude the groups are no different
- This is why we need a large sample size
- Not the same as random sampling
Personal Space Invasions in the Lavatory: Suggestive Evidence for Arousal (1976) ****
ON EXAM
- They believe personal space invasions generate arousal, but we don’t see the
arousal, we see behavioral responses
- Indicator of arousal - peeing
- Independent variable: closeness of confederate (other guy peeing)
- Close (~18 inches)
- Moderate (~54 inches)
- Control (no confederate)
- Dependent variables
- Time from approach to start
- Time from start to stop
- **What are they hypothesizing?
- Personal space violations will produce arousal
- **What are they manipulating? (IV)
- Level of interpersonal distance
- **What are they measuring? (DV)
- Onset of micturition (urination)
- Duration of micturition
Ethics
Ethics Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
- General principles (know these***)
- Can’t represent that you know information that you don’t know
- Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
- Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care
to do no harm.
- Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
- Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they
work.
- Principle C: Integrity
- Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the
science, teaching, and practice of psychology.
- Principle D: Justice
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Need to have definitions that are acceptable and workable. Making observations of many people in different environments. This is not usually the main method that psychologists use. Lets people respond for themselves to how they are feeling about certain things at that moment. Correlation: a statistical estimate of the relationship between variables. Positive correlation: increases/decreases in one variables are associated with increases/decreases on other (i. e. y=x) 0r>=-1 -- the negative sign just tells you its a negative correlation - if the absolute value of r is high then that means it is a strong correlation. Directionality unclear - it could work both ways or in both direction. Extraneous factors (3rd variables) - something else that explains the relationship.
