KNS 290 : Lab 8.2.odt

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orangeimpala788

30 Oct 2014

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Document Summary

There are a few reasons why certain techniques are beneficial or not beneficial for learning purposes. The lab used segmentation and massing in relation to certain types of skills- specifically juggling. Segmentation involves breaking the target skill down into several parts, performing one and then adding a second and so on until you reach the desired skill. In the lab, the skill of juggling, can be classified as a serial skill that was practiced via progressive part practice and massed practice. The text notes that physical rehearsal containing all elements at once would cause the person to become overwhelmed and perform poorly. This was not the case with us simply because our subjects were experienced with juggling. This was demonstrated by trying to juggle all at once. However when i attempted a few rounds of massing, i was unable to produce the desired results, so this holds true with the assumptions of our text.

Related Questions

Creat Testable Question?

Not all questions are testable!!

A testable question asks. . .

"What is the effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable?"

Creat a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of the lab. Your prediction is based on your understanding of the scientific concept.

It answers your testable question. Use the following pattern:

IF the (IV- how it is changing), then the DV- how you think it will change), BECAUSE (why do you think this is happening.

Example- If the IV increases, then the DV will decrease because....

6.Creat a Procedures ?

Procedures are a list of materials used in the experiment and the steps in performing the experimental part. Procedures are the recipe you follow in order to perform the experiment. Write these in order, in paragraph form, and using your own words. Do not simply copy and paste from the student lab guide.

7. Creat Data Table ?

Data is recorded during the procedures. You need to a data collection table for your experiment. Below is an example Data collection table. you need your own collection table using labels with the names of your variables and the correct units you are measuring.

{Insert name of Independent Variable} (insert units)

{Insert name of Dependent Variable} (insert units)

Average { Insert name of Dependent Variable }(insert units)

Trial 1 *

Trial 2 *

Trial 3*

Control

{Insert Treatment 1 Name}

{Insert Treatment 2 Name}

{Insert Treatment 3 Name}

Project Guide

Introduction from Vernier

Almost all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the chemical activities of living organisms. They act as catalysts, substances that reduce activation energy, or the energy it takes to get a reaction started. Enzymes are not destroyed or altered during the process. They are extremely efficient and may be used over and over again. One enzyme may catalyze thousands of reactions every second. Many factors in a cell's environment, like temperature, pH, concentration and salinity, affect the action of an enzyme. Changes in these conditions may change the shape of the enzyme making it useless, a process called denaturation. In this investigation, you will conduct an experiment to determine the effect of a variable on an enzyme catalyzed reaction.

In every cell of the body, hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, is produced as a waste product. However, hydrogen peroxide kills living cells. Although H₂O₂ is toxic to most living organisms, many organisms are capable of enzymatically destroying the H₂O₂ before it can do much damage. H₂O₂ can be converted to oxygen and water, as follows.

2H₂O₂ â 2H₂O + O₂

Because your liver is responsible for detoxifying your blood, your liver cells contain a lot of catalase to break down H₂O₂ into harmless H₂O and O₂. Yeast cells also contain catalase, so we will use them as an easy and inexpensive source of catalase in this lab.

When the H₂O₂ encounters the yeast catalase, it bubbles, as the gaseous O₂ escapes. We will measure the amount of O₂ being produced using a gas pressure sensor. The more O₂ that is produced, the greater the pressure in the tube will become. An increase in pressure tells us that the catalase is effective at breaking down the H₂O₂.

The results of your experiment will be shared in an experiment report due week 15. This lab gives you hands on practice with the Vernier sensors. Use of the sensors will be required in other courses for the Natural Sciences Degree Program. The hands on procedure is detailed step by step below.

After reading through the direction make sure to watch the video showing the procedure in action.

Safety Precautions

Make sure to wear safety goggles. Keep a close eye on your pressures and make sure your gas sensor does not get wet (this will ruin the sensor)

Lab Materials

1 Vernier LabQuest

1 Vernier Gas pressure sensor w/ tubing set

1 Vernier Logger Pro (installed on computer)

1 Lab goggle (from HOL kit)

10 mL graduated cylinder (from HOL kit)

200 mL beaker (from HOL kit)

Tap water

4 cups (any kind)

1 Bottle FRESH 3% H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide)

3 18 x 150mm test tubes)

1 Test tube rack (create using cardboard, legos etc.)

1 packet of yeast

3 pipets (from HOL kit)

1 Thermometer (any kitchen or medical thermometer will work)

IMPORTANT NOTES:

You must use fresh hydrogen peroxide and yeast for this lab to yield decent results. Yeast can be bought at any grocery store (look at the expiration date closely) and hydrogen peroxide can be bought at any pharmacy or grocery store. You should buy a couple of packs of yeast in case you make an error in preparing the yeast solution If peroxide is kept in the refrigerator, it must be brought to room temperature before the lab.

Set out a large container of water so the water equilibrates to room temperature overnight.

Make sure you are using metric units on your thermometer. You can always run conversions from Fahrenheit to Celsius.

You must run a test on the catalase (yeast) to make sure that the yeast suspension is at the right concentration/activity before testing it with your independent variable. You should prepare the solution when you are ready to test your independent variable. The solution will serve as your control in the experiment

To make yeast suspension as seen in the included video, add the following into a cup :

100 ml warm water (37-40C, but no hotter or the yeast will die or enzymes will denature).

1 packet of yeast (approx 7g)

1 packet of sugar (the little packets they give at restaurants) (or make a 2% sugar solution by adding 4 g sugar to 250 ml water, then add a packet of yeast to 100 ml of this solution. You can use your scale provided in the HOL kit to weigh the sugar)

Let the solution sit for 10 minutes before testing.

Follow lab procedure steps 1 & 2. Add 2 drops of the yeast suspension and measure following lab procedure steps 4-9. (Make sure to read the lab steps before adding the yeast suspension. It is time sensitive and must be measured quickly after being dropped in the test tube.)

The room temperature reaction with two drops of suspension should produce around 130 kPa (1.3 atm) in 40-60 seconds. Pressures above 130 kPA will cause the stoppers to pop off. Pressures above 210 kPA may damage the sensor so keep a close eye on your numbers!

If your numbers are too high, add more warm water, to dilute the suspension. Start by adding a small increment of water (10 mL) and repeat the test. Continue adding water until you reach 130kPa in 40-60 seconds.

If the solution isn't strong enough, add 1 more drop to the test tube (3 drops instead of 2 for example). Continue to increase the number of drops until you get results near 130 kPA after 1 minute. Record the number of drops needed and use that number of drops as the control for the experiment. *With the exception of enzyme concentration, that will be the number needed for each test tube. If you are doing your experiment on enzyme concentration and it for example it takes 4 drops instead of 2 you will need to double the number of drops for all of your concentrations.

Variables:

You can modify this lab to test the effect of enzyme concentration, temperature, sugar source, enzyme source or salinity. Choose 1 independent variable to test. Below are lists of variables and some ideas on how to test them:

Enzyme: With 3ml H₂O₂ and 3ml H₂O in each tube, add 1 drop of enzyme suspension. Repeat with different numbers of drops. Make sure none of the enzyme solution touches the sides of the test tube and mix before measuring. These must be measured quickly after the drops have been added.

Temperature: With 3ml H₂O₂ and 3ml H₂O in each tube, add 2 drops of enzyme suspension. Fill cups with water of different temperatures. Set each test tube in the water for 5 minutes before recording data.

Salinity: With 3ml H₂O₂ and 3ml H₂O in each tube, add 2 drops of enzyme suspension. Add drops of 1M NaCl. To make 1M NaCL, dissolve 58.44grams of table salt in 1 liter of water. Repeat with different numbers of drops. These will also need to be measure quickly after the enzyme and NaCL solution are added.

Sugar source: Make the yeast suspensions with various types of sugars (brown sugar, granulated, powdered, glucose, fructose, lactose, etc). Measure quickly after yeast suspension is added to test tubes.

If you have an idea for another variable not on this list that you would like to test, please send me a message for pre-approval.

Procedure

Place test tubes in a rack and label them 1, 2, 3 etc. You can improvise a rack by cutting holes in a cardboard box. You just need something that will keep the test tubes vertical and easy to distinguish.

Add 3 mL of 3.0% H2O₂ and 3 mL of tap water to each test tube (Use a plastic pipet/dropper to easily dispense the water and H2O₂âdon't mix up the pipets!).

Conduct your experiment according to which variable you have chosen to test. Make sure to follow the time guidance for each variable as directed on page 3. For example if you were testing temperature you would place your tubes in water of different temperatures (pictured below), for salinity you would add drops of saline solution etc. If you have questions about how to test your chosen variable please send me a message.

To collect data connect the plastic tubing to the valve on the gas pressure sensor.

Connect the sensor to CH1 on the LabQuest.

Connect your Lab Quest to your computer. (You can conduct this experiment just using the Lab Quest but it is nice to use Logger Pro because you can easily export the graphs and tables for use in your report. ) Turn on Logger Pro (cd included with Vernier equipment, very easy to install on your computer and generates great graphics for your report)

In Logger Pro click Open â Experiments â Biology w Vernier â(Pressure)Enzyme.cmbl

Once Logger Pro is open to the Pressure Enzyme lab you should have all the lab settings pre-set so that the sensor will collect for the correct duration of time.

Turn the LabQuest on.

For your control, add 2 drops (or more depending on calibration) of the enzyme solution and put the stopper on the tube and GENTLY swirl the tube to mix the contents.

Start data collection by pressing the green play icon on your computer screen. The test will run for 180 seconds.

Disconnect the stopper from the test tube. Rinse out the test tube and leave it to dry.

Processing the DATA

There are several options for processing the Data. I recommend running through the steps listed in the experiment procedure on the Lab Quest. You can also follow the steps below to analyze the slope. The slope, m, tells us the pressure generated every minute, so the units would be kPa per minute, or kPa/min. Kilopascals, or kPa, are just a unit of pressure; you may have heard of other units of pressure like pounds per square inch (PSI) in car tires or atmospheres (atm) or millimeters of mercury (mmHG) for weather pressure. For example, if m is 0.00376 our rate of gas production is 0.00376 kPa/min. The larger the slope, the more oxygen is generated and the more active the enzyme is at those conditions.

Choose Curve Fit from the Analyze menu. Check mark Pressure.

Choose Linear Fit to get an equation in the form y=mx+b

Record the slope of the line, m, in your data table. Select OK.

Store the data from the first run.

Repeat steps 2-16 for each of your treatments.

Tap Run 3. Select All Runs. All three runs will now be on the same graph.

Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:

His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases.

Creating the FlavrSavr tomato.

His discovery of the area of origin for maize.

His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation.

Producing the first transgenic plant.

Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?

Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway.

A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added.

Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants.

A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not.

A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously.

What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?

Genetically-modified crops are produced using modern techniques, while transgenic crops are produced through classical breeding.

Transgenic crops are illegal, while genetically-modified crops are not.

Genetically-modified crops are a type of transgenic crop specifically bred for high yield.

Transgenic crops are a type of genetically-modified crops, in which scientists have inserted genes from another species.

They are the same.

The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:

Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source

Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated

Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication.

Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication

Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins.

What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?

The time of year the person died

How many children the person had

The type of plants they may have been consuming

The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains

How many conflicts they have been part of

Which of the following types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting?

Vertical farms

CSA farms

Alternative farms (crickets, caterpillars, other arthropods)

All of these types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting

Community gardens

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

Plant species that rely on _______ pollination produce much more pollen than those using other methods.

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

High between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity

High within variety and low between variety diversity

If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

Choose the single best answer

The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Create oxygen.

Disperse seeds.

Defend themselves.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?

Landraces cannot be harvested using domesticated animals; classically bred crops can be harvested using domesticated animals.

Landraces have no means of seed dispersal; classically bred crops can readily disperse their seeds

Landraces are grown in dry conditions; classically bred crops are wetland species

Landraces are often (though not always) developed by unintentional processes; classically bred crops are developed by intentionally breeding for desired traits using modern techniques

Landraces are not edible by humans; classical bred crops can be eaten

periwinklegoose356

OOC #3 Due: Monday, March 19, 2018, 5pm CASE: The Runnersâ Experiment, Integration of Metabolism Case Study Overview This case is designed to help students understand the importance of glucogenic substrates in human metabolism and the interconnections between carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in humans. Because the focus of this case is the integration of metabolic pathways, we recommend that students be exposed to the topics through Chapter 23 (Chapters 19 and 20 are not necessarily required); referring to Sections 27.4 and 27.5 of the textbook (Stryer 8E) before beginning this case may also be useful for this out-of-class assignment. You may work individually or in groups to complete this case study, but you must submit your own work in Canvas (âEnter your ooc #3 answers hereâ). You are encouraged to refer to your textbook throughout the case, and internet access is permitted, although it is not necessary for the completion of the case. You will need to iteratively acquire, analyze, and integrate data as you progress through the case and answer assessment questions found throughout the case. You are encouraged to carefully consider investigation options; guessing is discouraged. Your score on this assignment will reflect correct answers. Learning Objectives This case is intended for remediating or extending student capabilities in these difficult topics: 1) The real-world applications of the study of human metabolism. Students will: â¢ Use real biochemical tests to evaluate and âsolveâ a metabolic disorder case. â¢ Consider the importance of factors like personal and family history, diet, medications taken, and symptoms in solving a biochemical case. 2) Critical and interrelated pathways in human central metabolism. Students will: â¢ Review carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolic pathways. â¢ Review fatty acid metabolism and recognize the distinctions between the oxidation of even- and odd-chain fatty acids. 3) Connections between carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in humans. Students should be able to: â¢ Outline and explain the importance of glucogenic substrates in human metabolism. o Understand why the inability to convert acetyl-CoA to glucogenic substrates in humans leads to protein wasting. o Explain the importance of ketone body formation and ammonia transport/disposal in human metabolism. â¢ Explain the important differences between the metabolic intermediates produced by the oxidation of even- vs. odd-chain fatty acids. 4) Practice critical thinking skills involving data. Students will: â¢ Evaluate data provided by metabolite and enzyme tests. â¢ Integrate multiple pieces of biochemical data. âThe Runnersâ Experimentâ, Integration of Metabolism Case Study Introduction Race day had come. âFinallyâ thought Michael. He was a marathon veteran, but this race was different. He felt terrible: âProbably a coldâ he had told his girlfriend, but nothing was going to stop him today. Today was the day he would finally prove his brother Dave wrong and he had 26.2 miles to do it. The two young men shook hands shortly before the race started. Dave was thin, like Michael, but not âgauntâ. Michaelâs girlfriend Jan, had actually used that word to describe Michael a few days prior. His cheeks had receded recently. âSeriously, you should stop this... you look terrible!â Jan said. âItâs just pre-race training... and of course, the experimentâ he thought. âIâll be fine!â he assured her with a wink before leaving their apartment. âToday is the day we settle this!â he now called to Dave as they took off down the race route. But Dave only smiled and accelerated to leave Michael behind. As Dave disappeared into the crowd, Michael called out: âItâs not about speed! Itâs about endurance dummy!â, but Dave was too far ahead to hear. 1 For weeks they had been talking about their plan, the experiment, and how much money they were going to make. Michael smiled to himself and then put his head down to focus on the run. Dave was long gone but Michael was certain that he would see him again soon enough... that is, until he started to feel dizzy... Juan had worked at several marathon-medical tents before. It was always the same: people try to run the race without training properly, and they end up at the tents. Most are dehydrated and exhausted, others just âhit the wallâ, when their bodies run out of glycogen and some even have heart attacks, mainly due to poor training. This particular day wasnât very hot, but it didnât take much to overwhelm people during a marathon. Working the races was a nice excuse for an ER doctor to get out in the sun for a few hours on the weekend and a chance to help some people... for Juan that was as addicting as running. Two hours in and Juan was bored. The chatter on the radio was the same as always: dehydrated runners at both tents, and one elderly person from the crowd had to be treated for heat exhaustion, just from standing too long... so far it was a slow day. Suddenly the radio chatter picked up. The ambulance from the medical tent at the 10-mile mark was headed in to his direction with a young man who was unresponsive. The incoming call was interrupted by a second voice: the ambulance from the medical tent at the 20-mile mark ALSO had an unresponsive man. âWhat are the odds?â Juan thought. The two ambulances arrived simultaneously. Runner ID tags identified both subjects immediately: Michael and Dave Gard, two brothers! Dave was unconscious, but otherwise looked OK. When Juan saw Michael however, he was startled into action; he would not have guessed that the two men were brothers! You are a biochemistry student who is shadowing an ER doctor who has just admitted two young males. One man, Dave, regained consciousness prior to arrival, while the other, Michael, regained consciousness only after arriving at the hospital and is still delirious. Neither man was particularly dehydrated, having drunk water during the race. Both have been stabilized, but blood and urine samples from before they were treated are available for you to test. It is up to you to discover what might be the problem with the two brothers. Consider that there are two primary questions to answer in this case study: â¢ What caused both brothers to lose consciousness during the race? Here are some potential biochemical hypotheses for you to consider: Ketoacidosis Lactic acidosis Ammonia toxicity Mercury poisoning Acute hyperglycemia due to type II diabetes Hypoglycemia Phenylketonuria Maple-syrup urine disease â¢ What is the biochemical explanation for the differences in the conditions of the two brothers? You may now conduct additional investigations to explore the details of this case and to test hypotheses so that you can eventually answer both of these questions. Note: for this case, you are encouraged to explore ALL possible investigations to gather as much information as possible to explain the brothersâ conditions before finishing the case by continuing to the final assessments. You will be scored on this exercise based on your answers to assessment questions found throughout the case so you are STRONGLY encouraged to use your textbook to complete this exercise; you may also use the internet as necessary. RECOMMENDED INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS: Evaluate the overall physical appearance of the two brothers including insect bites or other injuries Results: The men are identical in height. Dave has a lean, athletic build, but is not unusually thin for a long- distance runner. Michael, on the other hand, appears to be severely emaciated. You note sunken eyes and 2 cheek bones and protruding ribs, indicating a lack of not only body fat but also muscle tone. No injuries or other abnormalities are apparent. Investigate past medical history including current medications Results: Neither man smokes, drinks, or uses illegal drugs. They are not on any medications. Dave reports that Michael had not been feeling well prior to the race, but had thought that he was âjust coming down with a cold or somethingâ. Given that the men were both avid marathoners, no one apart from Michaelâs girlfriend Jan had been concerned about Michaelâs recent and rapid weight-loss. Investigate the relationship between the two brothers in greater detail Dave explains that the two of them are not just brothers, they are best friends and despite their grossly different appearances at the moment, they are identical twins! He says: âBefore we started our experiment just a few weeks ago, most people couldnât tell us apart!â Dave mentioned something about an experiment; you could ask him more about this. The following is now a new investigation option: Ask Dave about âThe Experimentâ Results: Dave tells you that the two brothers had been planning to develop a new dietary supplement company, Gard Nutraceuticals, selling purified fish oil, which they believe is a health panacea. They disagreed on the best fish oil to bring to market however, so the men had been conducting an experiment to settle this disagreement. Both had been taking fish-oil pills along with a multi-vitamin for the past three weeks while they tapered back their training runs dramatically. When you press Dave about what else he and Michael were eating, shockingly he says ânothingâ. They had been eating enough fish oil to consume 3000 Calories per day, which is normal for marathon training (approximately 330 grams of fish oil per day). Each brother had been touting a different product: Michael was taking wild-caught salmon oil, while Dave was eating oil from a flathead (striped) mullet. The bet was to determine whether fish oil was an adequate caloric- replacement supplement for athletes, and whose product was better. To make the decision unambiguous, the pair was going to use the marathon to decide the winner since the boys had nearly identical marathon times in previous races. The details of this fish-oil experiment may merit further investigation. In particular, some fish contain high levels of mercury, which could be toxic if consumed in large quantities. You now have the following two new investigation options available to you: Test hair for common toxins (heavy metals and narcotics) and ask Dave about mercury contamination in the supplements Investigate the composition of the dietary supplements the subjects were eating SECONDARY INVESTIGATIONS: DETERMINE BLOOD SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF: Common immunoglobins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and ammonium (NH4+) levels Results for Dave: All values for immunoglobin concentrations are at the low end of the normal ranges, which is normal for someone finishing a marathon. (normal ranges: [IgG] = 560â1800 mg/dL; [IgM] = 45â250 mg/dL; [IgA] = 100â400 mg/dL); [NH4+] = 20 mmol/L (normal range: 12- 48 mmol/L) Results for Michael: Severely low levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA. [NH4+] = 67 mmol/L (normal range: 12â48mmol/L)

1. Which of the following might cause the concentration of ammonium ions found in the blood to increase? (Select ALL that apply!) A. An increase in the rate of fatty acid catabolism by Î²-oxidation B. An increase in the rate of protein and amino acid catabolism C. An increase in the rate of glucose oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway D. An increase in the rate of glucose oxidation through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle E. A defect in the urea cycle F. Galactosemia G. Lactose intolerance

Free fatty acids (FFAs) and triacylglycerides (TAGs) Results for Dave: 500 mg/dL FFAs (normal range: 190â420 mg/dL); 190 mg/dL TAGs (normal range: 40â150 mg/dL) Results for Michael: 660 mg/dL FFAs (normal range: 190â420 mg/dL); 230 mg/dL TAGs (normal range: 40â150 mg/dL) Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c as a marker) Results for Dave: [Glc] = 39 mg/dL (normal range: 70â110 mg/dL) Note: This value indicates severe hypoglycemia; HbA1c = 4.4% (normal range: 4â6.5%) Results for Michael: [Glc] = 31 mg/dL (normal range: 70â110 mg/dL) Note: This value indicates severe hypoglycemia; HbA1c = 3.2% (normal range: 4â6.5%)

2. When a typical person runs a marathon, they do not become severely hypoglycemic to the extent that either Michael or Dave did. Some people consume carbohydrates during the race in the form of foods, gels, or sports drinks that have added sugar. However, even when dietary carbohydrates are not consumed during the race, how does the body of a healthy individual maintain adequate levels of blood glucose during sustained aerobic exercise such as running a marathon? (Select ALL that apply!) Hint: You may wish to review pages 657-661, 698-699, & 814-819 of Stryer 8E before attempting this question! In addition, remember to consider the sources of glucose, not ATP. A. Even numbered fatty acids are catabolized and the carbon is used for gluconeogenesis in the liver. B. Muscles run gluconeogenesis and export glucose into blood. C. Ketone bodies are produced by adipose cells and converted into glucose by the liver. D. Muscles convert lactate back into glucose and export this glucose back out into the blood. E. The exclusively ketogenic amino acids (leucine and lysine) are deaminated and the carbon skeletons used to synthesize glucose. F. Glucogenic amino acids are deaminated and the carbon skeletons used to synthesize glucose. G. Most blood glucose will come from the breakdown of muscle glycogen (glycogenolysis) and the export of this glucose from muscles to the blood. H. Most blood glucose will come from the breakdown of brain glycogen (glycogenolysis) and the export of this glucose from brain to the blood. I. Most blood glucose will come from the breakdown of liver glycogen (glycogenolysis) and the export of this glucose from the liver to the blood.

H3O+ ions: blood pH Results for Dave: pH = 7.31 (normal range: 7.35â7.45) Results for Michael: pH = 7.2 (normal range: 7.35â7.45) The physician you are shadowing tells you that a value of 7.31 indicates acidosis but this value will not normally cause a loss of consciousness. A pH value of 7.2 indicates severe acidosis and could result in neurological problems. 4 Ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone) Results for Dave: low but detectable levels (normal range: undetectable) Results for Michael: dangerously high levels of both found.

3. What macromolecules can be catabolized such that the resulting carbon can be used to create ketone bodies? A. Fatty acids B. Amino acids C. Glucose D. Glycogen E. All of the above can be used to produce acetyl-CoA, so they can all be used to make ketone bodies.

4. When are ketone bodies produced in an otherwise healthy human being? A. When fatty acid levels in the blood are low B. When glutamine levels in the blood are low C. When glucose levels in the blood are low D. When lactate levels in the blood are low E.

When blood pH is low Lactate and pyruvate Results for Dave: [lactate] = 2.0 meq/L (normal range: 0.5â2.2 meq/L); [pyruvate] = 0.05 meq/L (normal range: 0â0.11 meq/L) Results for Michael: [lactate] = 0.7 meq/L (normal range: 0.5â2.2 meq/L); [pyruvate] = 0.02 meq/L (normal range: 0â0.11 meq/L) DETERMINE URINE CONCENTRATIONS OF: branched-chain a-keto acids Results for both Dave and Michael: undetectable levels (normal range: undetectable)

5. What would an increased amount of branched-chain a-keto acids in the urine indicate? (Select ALL that apply!) A. A defect in fatty acid catabolism B. A defect in fatty acid transport C. A defect in a citric acid cycle enzyme D. A defect in carbohydrate metabolism E. A defect in amino acid catabolism F. Phenylketonuria G. Lactose intolerance H. Maple-syrup urine disease phenyl-pyruvate (a phenylketone)

Results: Both Dave and Michael: undetectable levels (normal range: undetectable)

6. What would an increased amount of phenyl-pyruvate in the urine indicate? (Select ALL that apply!) A. A defect in fatty acid catabolism B. A defect in fatty acid transport C. A defect in a citric acid cycle enzyme D. A defect in carbohydrate metabolism E. A defect in amino acid catabolism F. Phenylketonuria G. Lactose intolerance H. Maple-syrup urine disease

SPECIFIC ENZYME TESTS: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Results for both Dave and Michael: [LDH] = 150 U/L (normal range: 110â210 U/L) Liver Asp amino-transaminases (AST) and Ala amino-transferase (ALT) Results for Dave: Both enzymes are within normal range (normal range: 7â55 U/L) Results for Michael: Both enzyme expression levels are elevated. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) Results for both Dave and Michael: PDH complex activity= 2.5 nmol/(minâ¢mg) (normal range: 2â 2.5 nmol/(minâ¢mg) Test cells for Electron Transport Chain enzyme activities Results for both Dave and Michael: ETC enzyme activities were normal. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS Test hair for common toxins (heavy metals and narcotics) and ask Dave about mercury contamination in the supplements Results: Dave immediately points out that they worked with a chemist to extensively purify the fish oils to remove any mercury contamination. An independent laboratory verified that there are only trace levels of mercury left in their formulations, and Dave brings up the documentation on his smart-phone, showing that the analysis is good. Mercury toxicity will be negligible regardless of how much oil is consumed. Also, no heavy metals or narcotics were detected in hair samples from either brother. Investigate the composition of the dietary supplements the subjects were eating. Results: Complete hydrolysis followed by esterification of the TAGs in the two fish oil samples allowed fatty acid composition to be analyzed by gas chromatography. The table shows the compositions of oil consumed by Dave (from the striped mullet Mugil cephalus) and Michael (from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar) Dave Michael 16:0 fatty acid 11% 16% 16:1â7 fatty acid 5% 6% 18:1â9 fatty acid 15% 20% 20, 22, or 24 carbon omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids 36% 45% 15, 17, 19, and 21 carbon fatty acids 25% 4% 12 or 14 carbon fatty acids 6% 7% Unidentified 2% 2% 6

7. What is the most significant difference between these two fish oil samples in terms of their fatty acid compositions? Note: it may be helpful to briefly review fatty acid structure and nomenclature from Section 12.1, pages 342-344, Table 12.1 of Stryer 8E before answering this question. A. The oil that Dave is consuming is much higher in saturated fatty acids than Michaelâs oil. B. The oil that Dave is consuming is much higher in oleic acid than Michaelâs oil. C. The oil that Dave is consuming is much higher in palmitic acid than Michaelâs oil. D. The oil that Michael is consuming is much higher in omega-3 fatty acids than in omega-6 fatty acids. E. The oil that Dave is consuming is much higher in odd-numbered fatty acids than Michaelâs oil. F. The oil that Michael is consuming is much higher in unsaturated fatty acids than Daveâs oil.

8. What is different about the metabolism of odd- vs. even-numbered fatty acids? (Select ALL that apply!) A. Odd-numbered fatty acids are not broken down by Î²-oxidation. B. Odd-numbered fatty acids are primarily broken down by Ï-oxidation. C. Odd-numbered fatty acids cannot be broken down by humans. D. Odd-numbered fatty acids require additional enzymatic steps to fully degrade. E. Odd-numbered fatty acids do not require carnitine in order to be transported into the mitochondria. F. Odd-numbered fatty acid metabolism produces a four-carbon succinyl group attached to CoA.

9. What is an important consequence of producing succinyl-CoA at the end of odd-numbered fatty acid metabolism rather than the normal product by Î²-oxidation of even-numbered fatty acids? A. Acetyl-CoA is a citric acid cycle intermediate but succinyl-CoA is not. B. Acetyl-CoA is glucogenic but succinyl-CoA is strictly ketogenic. C. Succinyl-CoA is glucogenic, but acetyl-CoA is strictly ketogenic. D. None of the above are true.

10. Review again which brother is taking which oil and which oil contains a large percentage of odd- numbered fatty acids. What is a critical physiological consequence of this difference? A. Michael can make ketones from the oil in his diet but Dave cannot. B. Dave can make ketones from the oil in his diet but Michael cannot. C. Michael can make ATP using the oil in his diet but Dave cannot. D. Dave can make ATP using the oil in his diet but Michael cannot. E. Dave can make far more glucose from the oil in his diet than Michael can. F. Michael can make glucose from the oil in his diet but Dave cannot. You have uncovered a critically important aspect of this case. As you continue your investigation, consider what biochemical consequences might occur when someone is not consuming glucose and cannot convert the food that they are eating into glucose. ENDING THE CASE AND THE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS: The student should be able to fully explain the reason(s) for Dave and Michaelâs incidents in biochemical and physiological terms, including reasons for the significant differences between the two brothersâ conditions and to fully justify and completely explain their reasoning based on the evidence gathered. Criteria to complete the case are the selection of ALL possible investigation options and completion of the associated assessment questions. If all of the criteria are not met: you may be missing vital information to sufficiently explain this incident. Assessment Questions for âThe Runnersâ Experimentâ

11. The citric acid cycle begins with the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate. Possible sources for carbon that may be converted into acetyl-CoA in active muscle include: (Select ALL that apply!) A. Pyruvate B. Î²-oxidation of fatty acids C. Amino acid catabolism D. Conversion of ketone bodies from the blood back to acetyl-CoA E. Stored glycogen in the muscle

12. Though not included in the case, both men had elevated levels of the enzymes carnitine acyltransferase I and II. Why might the men have elevated levels of these enzymes? A. These enzyme levels rise after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal to aid in carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis). B. Carnitine levels rise after eating and these enzymes are expressed to catabolize the extra carnitine. C. Both men are producing abnormally high levels of these enzymes as a side effect of utilizing amino acids for energy. D. These enzymes are elevated because both men are getting their energy primarily from Î²- oxidation and these enzymes are needed for fatty acids to be transported into the mitochondria. E. Likely both men have high levels of these enzymes because they are identical twins and share a genetic polymorphism.

13. Why is glucose a necessary fuel in the human body and what organs or cell types rely most heavily on glucose? A. Most human tissues cannot use glucose as an energy source. B. Glucose is necessary for the continued function of the Na+/K+ pump, and the brain is the only organ that uses glucose as an energy source. C. During exercise, the brain stops using glucose so that it can be used by the muscles. D. Glucose is necessary because it is used by almost all tissues for energy and biosynthesis, and the brain relies almost entirely on glucose as an energy source. E. Glucose is necessary because it is the only source of energy that can fully be oxidized to produce ATP, and the liver relies heavily on glucose as its sole energy source.

14. During their three-week, pre-marathon self-experiment, both Daveâs and Michaelâs livers had to produce some glucose. Which of the following molecules could be used by the liver to create the glucose that is needed to supply the brain and other tissues in a healthy person on a normal diet? (Select ALL that apply) A. Pyruvate B. Lactate C. Glycerol D. Any citric acid cycle intermediate (this excludes acetyl-CoA!) E. Even-chain fatty acids F. Alanine G. Acetyl-CoA 8

15. Which of the following statements about even-chain fatty acids is/are FALSE? (Select ALL that apply) A. The product of the oxidation of even-numbered fatty acid chains is multiple acetyl groups bound to CoA molecules. B. Humans have all the appropriate enzymes necessary to use even-chain fatty acids as glucogenic precursors through their conversion to acetyl-CoA. C. A difference between even-chain and odd-chain fatty acids is that only odd-chain fatty acids produce propionyl groups bound to CoA. D. The products of the oxidation of an odd-numbered fatty acid chain are multiple 3-carbon propionyl groups bound to CoA. E. The products of the oxidation of an odd-numbered fatty acid chain are acetyl groups and a final propionyl group attached to CoA.

16. What is happening to Dave and Michael in regard to their metabolisms? (Select ALL that apply) A. Because the human body cannot create glucose from even-chain fatty acid oxidation, both runners are starving their bodies of glucose due to their restrictive diets. B. Most of their energy is coming from fatty acid oxidation, so ketone bodies are being produced to free up CoA for continued Î²-oxidation. C. The brothers have compromised immune systems because of a genetic disorder that affects their metabolism. D. Their diet high in fatty acids resulted in a large build-up of glycogen in their livers and muscles. E. Excessive fatty acid oxidation resulted in protein wasting, which led to acidification of the blood.

17. What are the functions of Asp aminotransferase (AST) and Ala aminotransferase (ALT)? And why are they elevated in Michael? A. These enzymes function in glucose catabolism, catalyzing the transfer of an amino group; levels of these enzymes would be elevated due to the excessive protein wasting occurring in Michaelâs body to meet his need to produce glucose in the absence of other dietary gluconeogenic substrates. B. These enzymes function in fatty acid catabolism, catalyzing the transfer of a hydroxyl group; levels of these enzymes would be elevated due to excessive glycogenolysis occurring in Michaelâs body to meet his need to produce glucose in the absence of other dietary gluconeogenic substrates. C. These enzymes function in protein catabolism, catalyzing the transfer of an amino group; levels of these enzymes would be elevated due to the excessive protein wasting occurring in Michaelâs body to meet his need to produce glucose in the absence of other dietary gluconeogenic substrates. D. These enzymes function in protein catabolism, catalyzing the transfer of an amino group; levels of these enzymes would be elevated due to the excessive ketone body production that is occurring in Michaelâs body to meet his need for energy sources in the absence of other dietary gluconeogenic substrates. E. These enzymes function in ketone body catabolism, catalyzing the transfer of an amino group; levels of these enzymes would be elevated due to the excessive ketone body production that is occurring in Michaelâs body to meet his need for energy sources in the absence of other dietary gluconeogenic substrates.

18. Why are Michaelâs blood ammonia levels elevated and why are high levels of ammonia dangerous? A. Ammonia levels in the blood are high due to the rapid degradation of proteins; high levels of ammonia lead to dangerous levels of ketone bodies in muscle. B. Ammonia levels in the blood are high because of burning calories from vigorous exercise; high levels of ammonia lead to dangerous levels of ketone bodies in muscle. C. Michaelâs blood ammonia is high due to the rate of ketone body production in his body; high levels of ammonia are dangerous because ammonia passes easily through the blood-brain barrier and is highly toxic to the brain. D. Ammonia levels are high because it is a byproduct of Î²-oxidation of fatty acids; high levels of ammonia lead to dangerous levels of ketone bodies. E. Michaelâs blood ammonia is high due to the rate of protein wasting (catabolism of non-essential proteins to provide glucogenic carbon skeletons) in his body; high levels of ammonia are dangerous because ammonia passes easily through the blood-brain barrier and is highly toxic to the brain.

19. What is/are the source(s) of the excessively high levels of ketone bodies in Michael but not Dave? (Select ALL that apply) A. Ketone bodies are being formed from catabolism of carbohydrates for energy metabolism. B. Ketone bodies are being formed as a byproduct of excessive glycogenolysis. C. Ketone bodies are being formed from ketogenic amino acids released from protein catabolism. D. Ketone bodies are being formed from the products of Î²-oxidation of fatty acids from both stored triglycerides and the ingested fish oil. E. Ketone bodies are being produced in Michaelâs brain to provide energy for the liver. F. Michael is producing large amounts of ketone bodies because he is severely hypoglycemic and has likely been hypoglycemic for most of the past few weeks.

20. Why are the two twins experiencing such different symptoms? (Select ALL that apply) A. Michael probably has a genetic inborn error in metabolism that Dave does not. B. One brother is in much better shape for the run than the other because of training. C. Michaelâs case is more severe because he relies on glycolysis (by way of lactic acid fermentation) for energy. D. Michaelâs supplement has almost no odd-numbered fatty acids, so his body is undergoing more protein wasting, and producing dangerous levels of ketones. E. Daveâs case is milder because the supplement he is taking contains a significant amount of odd- numbered fatty acids, some of which may be used to produce glucose. F. The twins exhibit minor variations in metabolic adaptation to dietary changes based on their genetics.

21. Which of the following would likely be true if the brothers were NOT identical twins? A. Carnitine levels would be higher in Dave than in Michael. B. Their bodies would have used different sources of energy to respond to a long term run. C. They would not have overexerted their bodies because they would be less competitive if they were not identical twins. D. The brothers would have had the same amount of ketone production. E. It would be more difficult to determine the impact of diet in this case because there would have been a greater chance that their differing symptoms were due to genetic variation in metabolism.

22. What is causing Michaelâs neurological issues and what is the cause of this problem? (Select ALL that apply) A. Michael is exhibiting the first signs of diabetes, trigged by the vigorous run. B. Michael has depleted his main stores of glucose and is therefore experiencing neurological effects from hypoglycemia. C. Michael has severe hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis because of metabolic failures, both which are known to affect mental status. D. As a result of excessive protein and amino acid degradation, Michael is also experiencing mild ammonia toxicity, which is likely exacerbating his neurological issues. E. Michael is experiencing side effects of extreme dehydration.

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KNS 290 : Lab 8.2.odt

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