BIOL 220 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Bacteria, Oxygen, Prokaryote
BIOL 220
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lecture One
Bio 220
Microscopy and Structural Characteristics of Microbes
Antibiotics
oIn 1929, Alexander Flemming discovered that Penicillium mold generated a substance
that kills bacteria
Penicillin was the first commercial antibiotic to save human lives
Medical Microbiology
oGerm theory of Disease
Many diseases are caused by microbes
oRobert Koch
German physician
Founder of the scientific method of microbiology
Applied his methods to numerous lethal diseases around the world
Koch’s Postulates
oCriteria for establishing a causative link between an infectious agent and a disease
The microbe is found in all cases of the disease but is absent from healthy
individuals
The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
When the microbe is introduced into a healthy but susceptible host the same
disease occurs
The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased bacteria
Barry Marshal
oDrank Helicobacter Pylori to fulfill Koch’s postulate that it was causative organism of
stomach ulcers
Sergei Winogradksy
oAmong the first to discover bacterial in natural habitats
Discovered lithotrophs
Developed enrichment cultures
Built the first winogradsky column
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Showed the importance of geochemical cycling
Carl Woese
oAnalysis of 16s rRNA revealed that these prokaryotes in the hot springs were a distinct
form of life and he called them Archaea
oCame up with the 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Two major Categories of Cells
oProkaryotes
Bacteria and archaea
oEukaryotes
Protists, plants, fungi and animals
Observing Microbes
oThe size at which objects become visible depends on the resolution of the observer’s
eye
oResolution
The smallest distance by which two object can be separated and still be
distinguished
oDetection
Is the ability to determine the presence of an object
oMagnification
An increase in the apparent size of an image to resolve smaller separation
between objects
Light Microscopy
oLight microscopes can be used to explore the structures and function of cells
oWhen scientists examine a specimen on a microscope slide, light passes through the
specimen and lenses enlarge or magnify the image
Dark Field Microscopy
oApplication
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Microscopy and structural characteristics of microbes: in 1929, alexander flemming discovered that penicillium mold generated a substance that kills bacteria. Penicillin was the first commercial antibiotic to save human lives. Medical microbiology: germ theory of disease. Many diseases are caused by microbes: robert koch. Applied his methods to numerous lethal diseases around the world. Koch"s postulates: criteria for establishing a causative link between an infectious agent and a disease. The microbe is found in all cases of the disease but is absent from healthy individuals. The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. When the microbe is introduced into a healthy but susceptible host the same disease occurs. The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased bacteria. Barry marshal: drank helicobacter pylori to fulfill koch"s postulate that it was causative organism of stomach ulcers. Sergei winogradksy: among the first to discover bacterial in natural habitats.
