BIOL 150 Study Guide - Final Guide: Ribosomal Rna, Galactose, Tata Box

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silverhorse264

29 Oct 2014

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Prokaryotic transcription/translation happens at the same time/space because they have no nuclear membrane. (rarely ever do you find introns in bacteria) All cells have complete genome, but all cells do not make all proteins. Regulation: proteins are transcribed on an as needed basis, otherwise is is just a waste of energy. Prokaryotic gene regulation usually has to do with a cell s nutritional needs while eukaryotic gene regulation is concerned with cell specialization. Many times, in prokaryotes, all genes for all enzymes involved in a process can occur and be transcribed in a row. Example: e coli if nutrients are abound, there is no need to make amino acids, but they are manufactured by the bacteria if they are absent from the media. Operon a set of genes transcribed into a single mrna, assuring that all necessary enzymes are present. Constitutive genes: transcribed in continually unregulated manner (is independent of the presence of an inducer)

Related Questions

(tautomerization) The most common form of guanine is the ketoform, not the enol form.

True

False

What term describes the allowed degree of base pair matchingduring annealing, varying from lots of base-pair mismatches allowedto allowing only perfect base-pair matching.

stringency

aneuploidy

polyploidy

quantitative PCR

restriction fragment length polymorphism

I have an individual with a disease we will call SSI-itis,brought on by extreme exposure to cannabis. I do a southern andfind the gene affected. Another of his classmates exhibits theexact same symptoms, but that gene in hiw is wt. A southern in thesecond student finds a mutation in another gene. This is an exampleof

pleitropy

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

dominant traits

recessive traits

penetrance

If a person carrying a dominant allele does not demonstrate thephenotype strongly, but still differs from wt, thisdemonstrates?

haploinsufficiency

penetrance

expressivity

monogenic traits

polygenic traits

I find three alleles for a gene in a fruit fly. One allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat graphite. Another allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat coal. The third alleleallows the fly to eat diamond. These alleles are all dominant, andwt cannot eat any of these substances. Which statement below is themost true?

Upon mating a bunch of the flies carrying these alleles, Ishould not find a fly that can eat graphite, coal, and diamond.

I would consider the ability to eat these substances an exampleof pleitropy because they are all carbon.

I would expect the ability to eat diamond to be dominant to theability to eat graphite.

These flies are demonstrating locusheterogeneity.

Expression vectors in prokaryotes do not make functionaleukaryotic gene products in bacteria very well because

the codon sequence for prokaryotes is different than the codonsequence in eukaryotes

there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteins normally madein prokaryotes

prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translate eukaryticsequences

eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotes don't

eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotes don't

Which of the following is not used in PCR amplification ofDNA?

Double-stranded DNA template

Oligonucleotide primers

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

ddNTPs

I create a knockout mouse using the agouti/black fur systemdiscussed in the online lecture and in the book. When I cross theagouti offspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratioof 2 agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

The gene knocked out was recessive.

The gene knocked out was dominant.

The gene knocked out was a lethal gene.

The knockput was integrated into a random spot, and did notknockput the original gene.

A loss of function mutation is usually recessive, but canactually be a dominant mutation because of what effect?

haploinsufficiency

dominant negative mutations

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

pleitropy

A genetic carrier of a disease can have a form of the diseasethat only shows intermittent symptoms, while the full homozygousrecessiuve individual would show all of the symptoms of thedisease.

True

False

Wild type, or wt, refers to the genotype that is the typicalgenotype found in nature. Now read that again. Once more. Nowanswer.

Answer

True

False

mauvekangaroo793

1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme rendersthe protein non-functional. How would the affect the HIV infectioncycle?

Formation of the provirus would be stopped.
Reverse transcription would no longer be possible.
The gp120 glycoprotein would no longer be able to bind to the CCR5receptor.
Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.

2. If the viral gene is AUGCCCAGG and the mRNA used to make theviral protein is UACGGGUCC, then the virus is a :

Negative strand RNA virus
Double stranded DNA virus
Retrovirus
Positive strand RNA virus

3. Would treating prions with enzymes that digest nucleotides bean effective neutralization method?

No, prions lack amino acids.
Yes, prion nucleic acids would be susceptible to enzymaticdigestion.
No, prions lack phosphodiester bonds and would not be subject todigestion by these types of enzymes.
Yes, the bonds between the amino acids would be hydrolyzed.

4. Most Americans born before 1970 have a permanent scar ontheir shoulders from the smallpox vaccine. Why don't youngerAmericans have one?

Smallpox has been eradicated by a worldwide vaccinationprogram.
Smallpox is no longer lethal.
A safer less damaging vaccine was developed in the early1970's.
The vaccine is no longer effective due to antigenic shift.

5. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to causeinfections after being treated with powerful proteolytic chemicalsthat would destroy all proteinaceous material?

A virus
A bacterium
A prion
A fungus
A viroid

6. Select all of the false statements concerning AIDS.

AIDS kills the patient.
Patients die as a result of opportunisticinfections.
AIDS shuts down the immune system.
HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from thebloodstream.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from the patient'sbody.

7. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

Viruses only attack epithelial cells, such as the cells liningthe lungs.
If a host cell is weakened, viruses have an easier time infectingit.
The initial choice is random but once a cell type is chosen itbecomes the preferred host.
The host cells have the correct surface receptor that the virus canfit into.
Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.

8. Nucleotide analogs are a class of drugs that are highlyeffective against many types of viruses. They work by halting thereplication of viral genes. They are equally effective at stoppingthe spread of prion diseases.

True
False

9. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleavephosphodiester bonds. How would the affect a virus?

Dissociate the envelope
Fragment the genome
Hydrolyze the protein coating
Alter the host binding site
Digest the capsid

10. HIV uses cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Whydoes switching from a CCR5 co-receptor to a CXCR4 co-receptoreventually shut down the immune system?

Macrophages have CCR5 co-receptors.
T-helper cells have CXCR4 co-receptors.
T-helper cells are not involved in coordinating immuneresponses.
Only macrophages are killed by HIV.

erinhornet258

1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme rendersthe protein non-functional. How would the affect the HIV infectioncycle?

Formation of the provirus would bestopped.

Reverse transcription would nolonger be possible.

The gp120 glycoprotein would nolonger be able to bind to the CCR5 receptor.

Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.

2. If the viral gene is AUGCCCAGG and the mRNA used to make theviral protein is UACGGGUCC, then the virus is a :

Negative strand RNA virus

Double stranded DNA virus

Retrovirus

Positive strand RNA virus

3. Would treating prions with enzymes that digest nucleotides bean effective neutralization method?

No, prions lack amino acids.

Yes, prion nucleic acids would besusceptible to enzymatic digestion.

No, prions lack phosphodiesterbonds and would not be subject to digestion by these types ofenzymes.

Yes, the bonds between the amino acids would be hydrolyzed.

4. Most Americans born before 1970 have a permanent scar ontheir shoulders from the smallpox vaccine. Why don't youngerAmericans have one?

Smallpox has been eradicated by aworldwide vaccination program.

Smallpox is no longer lethal.

A safer less damaging vaccine wasdeveloped in the early 1970's.

The vaccine is no longer effective due to antigenic shift.

5. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to causeinfections after being treated with powerful proteolytic chemicalsthat would destroy all proteinaceous material?

A viroid

6. Select all of the false statements concerning AIDS.

AIDS kills the patient.

Patients die as a result ofopportunistic infections.

AIDS shuts down the immunesystem.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear thevirus from the bloodstream.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from the patient'sbody.

7. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

Viruses only attack epithelialcells, such as the cells lining the lungs.

If a host cell is weakened, viruseshave an easier time infecting it.

The initial choice is random butonce a cell type is chosen it becomes the preferred host.

The host cells have the correctsurface receptor that the virus can fit into.

Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.

True

False

9. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleavephosphodiester bonds. How would the affect a virus?

Dissociate the envelope

Fragment the genome

Hydrolyze the protein coating

Alter the host binding site

Digest the capsid

10. HIV uses cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Whydoes switching from a CCR5 co-receptor to a CXCR4 co-receptoreventually shut down the immune system?

	Macrophages have CCR5co-receptors.
	T-helper cells have CXCR4co-receptors.
	T-helper cells are not involved incoordinating immune responses.
	Only macrophages are killed byHIV.

crimsonsalmon160

BIOL 150 Study Guide - Final Guide: Ribosomal Rna, Galactose, Tata Box

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