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*get study guide from online; everything on the guide will be on the test!! Founder effect- part of pop splits off and starts new population. Bottlenecking- part of pop dies off and a few remaining members have to rebuild the society with only their specific genes. Less genetic material leads to little genetic variation. Gene flow- (migration) movement or exchange of genes between two or more populations. *hardy-weinberg equilibrium- equation developed in response to claims that you can lose genetic material over time. If a population is not evolving, it is said to be in equilibrium. This is rare to theoretical, b/c all pop are evolving all the time. Calculate allele frequencies to see if pop is in equilibrium. equilibrium, then population is evolving. P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (don"t need to know this specifically, but be able to recognize what it looks like and know it"s basic concepts) *aristotle- (circa 500 bc) great chain of being .