NRS 313 Study Guide - Final Guide: Skeletal Muscle, Renal Pelvis, Defecation
27 May 2018
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Elimination
• Urinary Incontinence (Neurogenic Focused)
o Neurogenic---interrupted nerve signals
▪ Uninhibited neurogenic bladder = loss of skeletal muscle control
• automatic emptying with full bladder
▪ Overactive bladder = interrupted communication between S1 and
pontine
• detrusor spasm, failure to store urine
▪ Neurogenic areflexic bladder = interrupted communication between
bladder and S1
• overstretched bladder , failure to empty
• Obstructions: Kidney Stones
o Calculi formation caused by:
▪ Supersaturation of one or more salts in the urine. Risk increased with
dehydration and dietary patterns.
• Uric acid stones-> High concentration of purines. Smoked dried
fish.
▪ Alkaline urine pH
• calcium oxalate stones (most common) caused by excess PTH.
bone demineralization, and immobilization
o Lack of weight bearing exercise. We have no OPG
▪ Acidic urine pH
• uric acid stone (diet high in purine such as fish)
o Results in hydronephrosis: water in the kidney
o Calcyeal stone: outflow of urine from nephron is stopped
o Renal pelvic stone: In the renal pelvis
o Upper uteral stone: in the ureter.
o Ca++ is the most dominate type of stone
▪ Not caused by excess intake of Ca++. PTH + kidneys regulate Ca++
normally. Excess PTH can cause this. Any PT gland can be a problem.
Tumor/autoimmune disorders.
• Shapes of stones
o Stones less than 5mm : 50% will pass spontaneously
o Stones over 1 cm have a minimal chance to pass on their own.
o We are worried about renal stone causing secondary infection due to trying to
pass the stone.
o Usually fixed with surgery or blasting it with water to break it up.
• Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
o Inflammation of the urinary epithelium
o Cystitis is more common in females due to short urethra
o Acute Cystitis (problems with elimination in the bladder)
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