NRS 313 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Mast Cell, Immunodeficiency, Rheumatoid Arthritis
27 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
W3: Movement and Support
• DAVE
o Dorsal
o Afferent
o Ventral
o Efferent
• SpO2
o Saturation of peripheral 02. Amount of 02 in hemoglobin in periphery.
• SaO2
o Saturation of arteriole O2. Need to stick a needle into an artery
• Systolic: hydrostatic pressue, generated by SV of heart. Pushing
• Diastolic: Keeps arteries, arterioles, from collapsing, keeps it from collapsing
o <40 the arteries start to collapse
• Cervical spinal nerves C3, C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive.
o Umbilicus at T10 and nipple line is T6.
o Shingles:
▪ Lays dormant along nerve fivers
▪ Occurs when body is immunocompromised
▪ Dermatome present
• Spinal shock
o Nerves in spinal cord area become inflamed. They don’t send sensory or notor
messages well.
o Reduces in 7-10 days
• Vascular shock
o Decreased blood flow. Mast cell degranualtion systemically. Vasodilatation
everywhere.
• Whiplash – hyperextension/flexion
o Hyperextension injuries of the spine can result in fracture or nonfracture injuries
of the spinal cord. Hyperflexion productes translation (subluxation) of vertebrae
that compromises the central canal and compresses the spinal cord parenchyma or
vascular structures. Usually occurs at C4 to C6.
o Spinal shock
▪ Reflex function may be lost in all segments below the lesion. (not the
same as neurogenic shock!!)
▪ Vascular shock results decreased volume in the vascular space
• Types of cord injuries
o Primary neurologic injury – all result in spinal shock
▪ Contusion: bruising. Leakage of blood in the ISF
• is the bruising of neural tissue causes swelling and temporary loss
of cord mediated function
▪ Concussion: violent shaking. Damage to soft tissue.
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• is the result of temporary disruption of cord mediated functions. It
can result from violent displacement of brain tissue resulting form
rotation, acceleration, or deceleration
▪ Laceration: cut/ tear
• is a tearing of neural tissues of spinal cord; may be reversible if
only slight damage sustained by neural tissues; may result in
permanent loss of cord mediated functions if the spinal tracts are
disrupted
▪ Transection : total speration. Permanent
• is the severing of the spinal cord that causes permanent loss of
function
o Secondary neurologic injury
▪ Obstruction of spinal blood flow with inflammatory response (swelling)
leads to ischemia and necrosis of neural tissue
▪ In a closed space, swelling expands inward and can slow down blood
supply
▪ The main muscle of ventilation, the diaphragm, is innervated by segments
C3 to C5
• Low Back Pain
o Affects 60-80% of adults at some point in their lives
o Primarily idiopathic
▪ No known immediate cause
o Most common: Lumbar disk herniation (acute)
▪ Disk slips inward toward spinal cord. Puts pressure on where blood flow
is.
• Leads to ischemia
▪ Degenerative joint disease
• Breaking apart overtime
• Chronic wear and tear due to excessive load on convecture on
lombar spine which causes cartilage to flake away
• When cartilage leaves, bone fragments rub together putting
pressure on disk then the nerve
• Alterations in movement and coordination
o Cerebrum – motor cortex
o Cerebellum – smooths out and coordinates movement
o Basal ganglia – regulates movements, inhibits unnecessary movement
(dopamine).
o Motor Cortex: thinking must rely ingo here. It interprets it to the basal ganglia
where dopamine is secreted.
▪ Dopamine smoothes out motor output
▪ Retricular activating system
• Ventral horn through efferent fibers
o Parkinson’s Disease
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