HIST 279 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Khoikhoi, Jan Van Riebeeck, Khoisan
Histo Midte ID’s
• Khoesan
South Africa's first people and Recognized as one of the earliest communities in humanity
-also known as Hottentots (offensive)
-semi nomadic, relaxed communities
-taken over quickly by the Dutch
Descended from two different tribes Khoi Khoi (pastoralists) and the San (hunter-gatherers)
They were similar in appearance with different cultures. Many Sans intermarried with the new
comers. Therefore, the two cultures would later merge and become known as the Khoisan people.
1713 – small pox killed 30% of Khoisan
• Batu speakes
The san occupied large area before the arrival of southward migrating Bantu speakers from central
and east Africa.
-farmers w permanent settlements
-polygnous (multiple wives)
-cattle centric (lobola)
Xhosa:
- Agricultural societies
- Cattle hold extreme value
- the Xhosa – with their advanced agriculture and special metal working technology, soon
became the dominant population in eastern cape until the arrival of Dutch in 1652.
- Xhosa and Khoisan treated very differently (Khoisan were already somewhat integrated and
some converted to Christianity)
• Loola
Bide ealth
Husads fail giig attle to ides fail as a gift fo giig the the daughte
Important for Xhosa, especially during cattle killing/cattle disease
• Duth East Idia Copa
Dutch Empire built on trade – first multinational, joint stock, Limited Liability Corporation
joint -stock company that built the Dutch TRADE Empire
-Jan van Riebeek= DEIC mastermind behind making Southern Arica a refreshment station in 1652 to
replenish supplies and recover for the ships of the Dutch EIC that was trading extensively in the east
-had no intention of conquering African communities but within a few years, the DEIC released some
employees to become farmers and begun importing slaves
-$$$ making w Monopoly on trade
(Dutch- Indonesia spices)
– “A appealig eause o topial fee alaia ad loatio fo tade
• Ea
1650s
Khoesan woman
Daughter of Aushumato (Khoisan chief, post master at Robben Island
-aka Krotoa
Woke i Ja Va ‘ieeeks household age /, leat Duth ad taslated
-played crucial role as translator and consultant
- represented a peaceful interaction and link between the Dutch and Khoisan
-married a Danish man & later died in destitution
• Tekoes
boers-farmers( dutch ) who pioneered beyond the established border (for land & water)
Migratory Cattle Farmers (descendants from Dutch colonialists) who trekked further into the interior
Pioneers – trekked beyond the colony boundary
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
In the interior land, they plundered khoesan communities, forcing people into indentures and using
their skills to help raise sheep and cattle for butchers in cape town.
During violence at frontier, they survived by herding sheep and cattle
• Bastes/Giuas
Colored today
-ppl who are mixed race and were considered illegitimate
-stil identified with today (ex- Rehobith Basters)
New generation of mixed race –
Emerged 1652 after Dutch settlers first arrived
Descendants of indigenous African women and early Dutch colonialists
Te aste deied fo deogato astad
• Cape Colo
came under GB rule in 1795
Britain took over a slave based society when anti slavery movement was gaining force in England.
Deic was having trouble with expanding colony bc of dutch and Africans relation tensions
-1807 GB ends transatlantic slave trade, had imported 60k slaves before this, starts six years after
founding the colony
-GB= less awful to the Khoesan and people of mixed race
Slaves were from many backgrounds and experienced segregation and Pass Laws
• Odiae
1828- in the Cape Colony
GB policy that outlaws the inboek system (laws that allowed Khoesan kids for 25 years of indentured
labor
(slave labor)
Ppl would kill parents capture kids to use this system for labor
Excuse: we are feeding them
Allowed Khoisan to buy and own land, included provisions for labor contracts.
-justification of GB being there
-
Whitefarmersdetestedthenewlaw,whichtheybelievedwouldincreasevagrancyandtheftandmakeitimpo
ssibleforthemtodisciplinetheirworkers.Missionariesgenerallyapplaudeditspassin
1828 –
1812 – Circuit courts: judges heard from slaves and tried their masters against the law
- Dutch brought in slaves from Indonesia
- Angered the Boers – led to Great Trek (starting c.1834)
- Highlights the different treatment of Khoisan and Xhosa
• Foeig Missions in South Africa (generally)
-hard life, pushed boundaries to reach new populations/spread Christianity -Missionaries had more
environmental racism than biological racism
The thought that these ppl only needed to become Christians to become not lesser
-developed dictionaries and distinctions btw ppl
-colonization of consciousness
-slow process of getting converts but today 80% of ppl in SA are Christian
Sought to find new populations
Initially not many Christian converts but were very busy:
- Exploring, drawing maps, writing dictionaries, giving aid
- Tried criminals and those accused of witchcraft
Boes didt like the issios – viewed locals as equal
Missionaries liked mining compounds – kept people from vice in cities
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Coloizatio of Cosiousess
GB element empire that was a cultural domination that extended into everyday practices
-missionary influence
-shift in views like gender roles
Beyond colonization of the land, changing the way they think
Not intention by a by-product of colonization
Prepared the colonized people to be workers under the British Empire
Aid/medicine at mission stations = sought help from them, needed them, superior
• Saa Baata
the Hottentot Venus, displayed in Europe bc of her big butt, key player in the rise of biological racism
Khoisan woman (late 18th and early 19th centuries)
Taken to England, Dunlop – English doctor working in Cape Colony
She was presented as a freak show in UK
Caught the attention of abolitionists (on stage against her will)
Examined by Georges Curvier – looking for the missing link between humans and apes
- Concluded that she was more closely related to apes (appearance)
- Supporting the idea of Polygenism – multiple human origins
Finally died 1815 in France – dissected for racial diversity research
• Geoges Cuie
scientist who dissected Sara Baartman)
-essential to the rise of biological racism
- French Zoologist. Father of palaeontology - during the Enlightenment
- Breakthrough discoveries (extinction) yet also with classification and such
- Sara Baartman brought to Curvier so he could have a look as an expert
- He concluded that she was more closely related to apes that whites
- Baartman helped support the idea of Polygenism – multiple origins of humanity.
• Sietifi Rais
idea that scientifically some groups of ppl are superior to others, opposite of environmental racism
Different genes in races – justifying racial superiority/inferiority
Supported by experts such as Georges Curvier
Sara Baartman = more closely related to apes than whites
• Galat’s Reellio
1825, after the British arrive and despite the British's opposition of slavery
slave rebellion, only killed men/masters, bc Galant was beat with a whip/sjambok that violated the
Rule of Thumb
--> to VAGRANCY LAWS - system of convict labor applied to Africans and ppl of mixed race
Expansion of Cape Colony led to more slaves
Galant, 26yo slave, led a rebellion with a dozen other slaves + Khoisan laborers = killed his master +
two other colonists and fled into the interior. They were later captured and tried for murder
– Authorities gave him no sympathy in his trial, heads severed from body
– Came at a time when british were attempting to reform slavery at cape
– In 1823, somerset issued a proclamation:
– Slaves could marry, become Christian, + limits on work hours, restricting violence of masters
– “laes ouldt e sold ude age
• Bitish Settles
In 1820, 4000 British families migrated to South Africa
- 80,000 applicants
-placed by the GB gov on Xhosa claimed land
-early positive relations bc of GB ppl's dependence on the Xhosa for survival, competition for
land and resources-
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
South africa"s first people and recognized as one of the earliest communities in humanity. Descended from two different tribes khoi khoi (pastoralists) and the san (hunter-gatherers) They were similar in appearance with different cultures. Therefore, the two cultures would later merge and become known as the khoisan people. 1713 small pox killed 30% of khoisan: ba(cid:374)tu speake(cid:396)s. The san occupied large area before the arrival of southward migrating bantu speakers from central and east africa. Cattle hold extreme value the xhosa with their advanced agriculture and special metal working technology, soon became the dominant population in eastern cape until the arrival of dutch in 1652. Xhosa and khoisan treated very differently (khoisan were already somewhat integrated and some converted to christianity: lo(cid:271)ola (cid:858)b(cid:396)ide (cid:449)ealth(cid:859) Hus(cid:271)a(cid:374)d(cid:859)s fa(cid:373)il(cid:455) gi(cid:448)i(cid:374)g (cid:272)attle to (cid:271)(cid:396)ide(cid:859)s fa(cid:373)il(cid:455) as a gift fo(cid:396) gi(cid:448)i(cid:374)g the(cid:373) the daughte(cid:396) Important for xhosa, especially during cattle killing/cattle disease: dut(cid:272)h east i(cid:374)dia co(cid:373)pa(cid:374)(cid:455)
