BIOLOGY 151 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, N-Terminus, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

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1. What are the four basic biological molecules?

Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids

2. How many carbons does the molecule below contain?

12 - go to each of the corners of the structure

3. What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Phosphate, Sugar (deoxyribose and ribose), Nitrogenous Base

4. What is the polymer of a nucleotide?

Nucleic Acid

5. What type of bond links nucleotides together?

Phosphodiester

6. Uracil is a _________________________.

A. Nucleotide

B. Amino Acid

C. Peptide

D. Nitrogenous base

7. True or False: Alcohols with short carbon chains are nonpolar (should be

polar) and therefore mix well with organic (aqueous) solutions. FALSE *more

than 3 carbons is nonpolar)

8. If you are given diagrams of DNA and RNA how can you tell them apart?

DNA: has thymine, is double stranded

RNA: has uracil, has a 2 prime hydroxyl (-OH), single stranded

9.A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the

carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other

molecule, releasing a molecule of water. What type of reaction is this?

Dehydration synthesis b/c you’re making something and releasing a water

molecule

10. Which terminus is the amino group of the amino acid?

The N-terminus (amino terminus), has the NH3 and NH2 group

C terminus (carboxyl), C with the O and -OH

11.The separation of macromolecules in an electric field is called electrophoresis.

A very common method for separating proteins by electrophoresis is the use of a

polyacrylamide gel as a support medium and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to

denature the proteins. SDS is an anionic (it turns negative) detergent, meaning

that when dissolved its molecules have a net negative charge. You have a

polypeptide composed of mostly arginine and histidine, both positively charged

amino acids. In this type of gel, the denatured proteins would run in what

direction?

Goes from negative to positive

12. Decide whether the following molecules are polar or nonpolar

Symmetry

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Polar: dipole

Nonpolar: no net direction (symmetrical)

13. Are polar molecules usually hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophilic because water is polar and “like likes like”

14. Which type of fat is synthetic?

A. Saturated

B. Trans-unsaturated

C. Cis-unsaturated

15. What is the main function of nucleic acids?

Information storage

16.True or False:

Plant cell membranes contain cholesterol.

False- it would be animal cells b/c fluidity

17. What type of bond connects amino acids?

Peptide (polypeptide means many peptide bonds)

18. How many hydrocarbon tails do each of the following have?

A. Phospholipids: 2

B. Free fatty acids: 1

C. Triglycerides: 3

D. Sterols: 0

19.Which of the following categories includes all the others in the list?

A.Monosaccharides

B.Disaccharide

C. Starch

D. Carbohydrate

E.Polysaccharide

20. How can you identify a carbohydrate based on its chemical formula?

2H:1O (H2O)

21.How can you identify a steroid based on its structure?

4 rings that share sides

22.Lactose and starch are__________.

A. Monosaccharides

B. Enzymes

C.Carbohydrates

D. Maltose polymers

23.What is the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose?

Lactase which breaks into glucose and galactose

Match the structures below to the descriptions that follow. Letters can be used

more than once or not at all.

24. Polypeptide:A b/c peptides are nitrogen to carbon

25. Steroid:C b/c of the 4 rings linked together

26. Nucleic Acid: G b/c many nucleotides linked together

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Document Summary

Phosphodiester: uracil is a _________________________, nucleotide, amino acid, peptide, nitrogenous base, true or false: alcohols with short carbon chains are nonpolar (should be polar) and therefore mix well with organic (aqueous) solutions. Rna: has uracil, has a 2 prime hydroxyl (-oh), single stranded. 9. a peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water. The n-terminus (amino terminus), has the nh3 and nh2 group. C terminus (carboxyl), c with the o and -oh. 11. the separation of macromolecules in an electric field is called electrophoresis. A very common method for separating proteins by electrophoresis is the use of a polyacrylamide gel as a support medium and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) to denature the proteins. Sds is an anionic (it turns negative) detergent, meaning that when dissolved its molecules have a net negative charge.

Related Questions

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

skyhamster121

1.Which of the following is not true about DNA? a) it is found both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm b)it is double stranded and the standards are connected by hydrogen bonds between the base pairs c) A purine base always pairs with a pyrimidine base to make up the DNA code d) it is the control center for both cell activity and heredity 2.Which of the following represents accurate base pairing in DNA ?a) Adenine to Adenine b)Adenine to Uracil c)Thymine to Cytosine d)Adenine to Thymine 3. Purines and Pyrimidines are found a) DNA only b)RNA only c) A and B d)In proteins 4.The bond that forms between carbohydrates is called a)peptide bond b) ester bond c) glycoside bond d)never ending bone 5. Which of the following does not dissolve readily in water? a)proteins b) amono acids c) steroids d) carbohydrates 6. The following arrangement of amino acids represents what level of structure ? ABACABDD a)Primary b)Secondary c)Tertiary d)Quaternary

cerisedog238

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?

Question 6 options:

	DNA replication requires primers
	Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication
	RNA is involved in DNA replication
	The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication
	There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome

How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?

Question 7 options:

	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids

Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .

Question 8 options:

	nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond
	nucleotide, nucleic acid
	amino acid, nucleic acid
	nucleotide, nitrogenous base
	amino acid, protein

Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?

Question 9 options:

	organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction
	variation in traits is often heritable
	descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity
	organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes
	natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:

5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?

Question 10 options:

	Met-Ile-Val
	Asp-Ala-Ser-Met
	Met-Leu-Val
	Ser-Met-Ile-Val
	Gly-Cys

BIOLOGY 151 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, N-Terminus, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

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