PSYCH 225 Study Guide - Final Guide: Havelock Ellis, Magnus Hirschfeld, Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Reading Notes
Chapter 1 Sexuality in Perspective:
Sex + Gender
● Sexual behavior can be defined as any behavior that increases the likelihood of gamete union
(sperm + egg)
● Also can be defined as behavior that leads to orgasm (Kinsey)
● Also any behavior that produces arousal and increases change of orgasm (but not necesarily
orgams)
History of Understanding Sexuality: Religion and Science
● Religion
○ Ancient greeks acknowledge sexual orientation and desire (spectrum)
■ Greek myth saying humans were originally twice the amount of orgams, some
people were double male, double female or half male half female. Fearing the
poe of these eatues the god’s split the i half so the had to fid thei
soulmate (understanding that two men can be soulmates)
○ Most catholic/christian religions enforce heteronormativity and abstinence
■ Wet dreams are a result of sodomy and witchcraft
○ Sexual activity highly praised in muslim religions (for men)
● Science
○ 19th century - discover sperm in semen
○ Sigmund Freud advances a lot of sexual developmental understanding
○ 1875 - observed fertilization of egg
○ Ovum in humans not discovered until 20th century
○ Cultural context because it was not encouraged to explore sex (esp. Female pleasure)
○ Hard to get scientists (men) to agree that women are also sexual creatures
○ Margaret Mead (anthropologist)
○ Timeline (years are rough estimates)
■ s → Feud ad the pshoaalti oeet
■ → Haelok Ellis Studies in the Psychology of Sex
■ → Magus Hishfeld ad the German sexual reform movement
■ → Malioski, Mead athopologial studies
■ → Kise egis sue
■ 1948- → Kise Pulished Sexual Behavior in the Human Male/Female
■ → Mastes ad Johso, phsiolog of seual espose ad seual
disorder
■ → JO Moe, eos i gede diffeetiatio
■ → soial pshologists ad epeietal eseah
■ → eplosio of AIDs-related research
■ → Cotepoa se sueys
■ s → e ased sues
The media
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● Cultiatio → ouiatios theo, the ie that the ass edia akes people thik that
what they see is an accurate representation of what occurs (ex: porn)
● Ageda “ettig → edia deidig hat is ipotat the stoies the hoose to oe
● “oial leaig → edia poides ole odels hih e iitate e: ail ooe eoig
an icon, determining what is and is not sexy, how a woman should and should not act)
● Cultue → taditioal ideas ad alues passed do fo geeatio to geeatio
● Ethoetis → idea that ou o ultue is supeio to othes ad defies hat is ight ad
wrong
● Iest Taoo → pohiitig ad ot soiall aeptig oati elations between blood
relatives
● Variations in Sexual Techniques
○ Varies from culture to culture
○ What is aepted like feale pleasue
○ Also frequency varies as well (irish on low end, mangaians on high end)
○ Post-partum sex taboo common but not in all cultures
● Masturbation
○ Self-stimulation of genitals
○ Acceptance varies widely
○ Female masturbation taboo
● Premarital and Exmarital Sex
○ Polynesia: practice a wide variety of sexual practices, mothers are proud if daughters
have multiple sexual partners,
○ Mediteranean societies: prohibit premarital sex (probs because of conservative
religions)
● Sexual behavior: behavior that produces arousal and increase the chance of orgasm
● The internet: the most powerful mass-media influence
○ 28% of males reported looking at pictures of people having sex at least once a week
(2008)
Scientists
● Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): discovered sperm swimming in human semen
● Oskar Hertwig (1849-1922): Fertilization of egg by sperm in sea urchins
● Henry Havelock Ellis (1859-1939): studies in the psychology of sex à me and women are sexual
creatures
● Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902): pathological sexuality à sadism, masochism, pedophilia,
heterosexuality vs. homosexuality
● Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935): specialists on homosexuality
● Alfred Kinsey (1940s),
● Master & Johnson,
● Margaret Mead
● Bronislaw Malinowski
Miscellaneous
● Masturbation: self-stimulation of the genitals to produce sexual arousal
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● Racial microaggression: subtle insults directed at people of color and often done unconsciously
● Sexual health: a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality
● Sexual rights: basic, inalienable rights regarding sexuality, both positive and negative, such as
rights to reproductive self-determination and sexual self-expression and freedom from sexual
abuse and violence
● Standards of Attractiveness vary across cultures
Chapter 3: Sex Research
Measuring Sex (pp. 43)
● Direct observation: a behavior measure, in which the scientist directly observes the behavior
being studied
● Eye-takig: a deie easues the patiipat’s poit of gaze oe tie
● Self reports
○ Helpful when measuring attitudes
● Implicit association test: measures an individual's relative strength of association between
seemingly unrelated or related topics
● Biological measures
○ Geital easues → assess aousa easuig eetio o agial hages
○ MRI ahies → looks at ativity
■ Limitations: (1) participants must be very still to get good images (2) MRI
depends on contrasting between two stimuli
Issues in Sex Research (pp. 44)
● Population: a group of people a researcher wants to study and make inferences about
● Sample: a part of a population
● Random sample: each member of the population has an equal chance of being induced in the
sample
● Probability sampling: each member of the population has a known probability of being included
in the sample
● Problem of refusal or nonresponse: some people will refuse to participate in a sex survey,
making it difficult to study a random sample
● Volunteer bias: a bias in a results of sex surveys that arises when some people refuse to
participate – those in the sample are volunteers
● Convenience sample: sample chosen in a haphazard manner relative to the population of
interest
● Snowball sampling: find members of a population to sample in a hard accessible group through
an easily accessible group
Accuracy of Measurement (pp. 46)
● Purposeful distortion: purposely giving false information in a survey
● Computer-assisted self-interview: respondent fills out a questionnaire on the computer
● Test-retest reliability: method to test whether self-reports are reliable or accurate
● Memory: testing and sampling makes the assumption that participants remember their
experiences accurately
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Document Summary
Sexual behavior can be defined as any behavior that increases the likelihood of gamete union (sperm + egg) Also can be defined as behavior that leads to orgasm (kinsey) Also any behavior that produces arousal and increases change of orgasm (but not necesarily orgams) Ancient greeks acknowledge sexual orientation and desire (spectrum) Greek myth saying humans were originally twice the amount of orgams, some people were double male, double female or half male half female. Fearing the po(cid:449)e(cid:396) of these (cid:272)(cid:396)eatu(cid:396)es the god"s split the(cid:373) i(cid:374) half so the(cid:455) had to fi(cid:374)d thei(cid:396) soulmate (understanding that two men can be soulmates) Most catholic/christian religions enforce heteronormativity and abstinence. Wet dreams are a result of sodomy and witchcraft. Sexual activity highly praised in muslim religions (for men) 19th century - discover sperm in semen. Sigmund freud advances a lot of sexual developmental understanding. Ovum in humans not discovered until 20th century.
