SOCI 3070 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Social Class, Juventus F.C., Ford Focus
SOCI 3070
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Unit Two
-Pre-Classical Ideas (before 1700s)
-There is little literature that focuses on the behavior and punishment of juveniles
during the middle ages
-Usually attributed to supernatural or religious factors
-This eat that puishets ee foused on during the evil from the individual
-Aothe pespetie as atual auses as the le of the oo ee laed fo
bad behavior
-Citizens agree to follow the rules or laws set forth by society in return for protection
fro, harm (social contract)
-Classical Theories of Crime and Delinquency
-Theoies aout hua ehaio foused o a’s apait as a atioal ato
-Focus on crime and became the first attempt the first attempts to explain criminal
behavior
-Focus on free will
-Cesare Beccaria (1764/1819) & Bentham (1780/1789) argued that individuals weigh the
costs and benefits of all their actions and act when the benefits outweigh the costs.
Focus on the act not the individual
-Beccaria/Bentham
-According to Beccaria, for punishment to be most useful it needed to adhere to 3
elements: Certainty, Celerity (swiftness) and severity
-Laid ground work for rational choice theory
-Focused on rational component of crimes, uniformity in sentencing, uniformity in
written laws, curtailing of both capital & corporal punishment
-Beaia peal popotioalit las ad puishet should e gadated ased o
the severity of the offending behavior (punishment should fit the crime)
-Bentham: Offenders act deliberately and in order to maximize their self-interests. THE
PLEASURE/PAIN PRINCIPLE: make the pain of punishment outweigh the pleasure or
perceived gain of the crime
-The paoptio o paoptial peitetia, leadig to aiu seuit piso life;
surveillance society.
-Used to explain adult behavior much more often than juvenile behavior in research
-Criticism of Classical/Choice
1. Relationship between deterrence and crime rates is a false correlation; how do you
easue soethig that has’t oued?
. While soe ies ae thought out o ational, other types of crime, particularly
violent crime, are done spontaneously, indicating an absence of cost/benefit analysis
3. Free will ignores external sources of crime (poverty, discrimination, etc) and the idea
that something, external or internal, is causing crime to occur
-Biological/Psychological/ & Biosocial Theories
-Early Biological Theories (FOCUSED ON INDIV, NOT ACT)
-Biological Determinism: View that biology is responsible for crim beh
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-Eioetal Deteiis: Vie that oe’s environment or experiences are
responsible for criminal behavior
-Eugenics: Movement to improve the human race through selective reproduction
-Craniometry: Belief that size of skull or brain predicts criminality
-Gall, Lombroso
-Franz Gall, Phreology: the belief that shape of skull and brain could predict
criminality
-Cesare Lombroso, Atausim: Belief that individual may have certain
characteristics that are throwbacks to earlier developmental stages of evolution
-Stigmata: physical signs of atausim such as asymmetry of face, large jaw or
cheekbones, unusually large or small ears, fleshy lips, abnormal teeth
-Adolescents have yet to fully develop evolutionarily speaking, and thus are
more susceptible to deviant or criminal behavior
-Ernest Hooton (phy. Anth)
-Crime specific physical characteristics
-Classified characteristics into sociological, psych, physical, morphological, and
pathological
-Ex:
-Crim: less often married, divorced, tattoos, thinner beards, low sloping
foreheads, thin lips, blue gray eyes, etc
-Based on this, he concluded that the underlying cause of criminal behavior is to
be found in physical characteristics or physical inferiority. Suggested that human
somatype (body shape and physique) can determine which type of crime a
person will commit
-Ex: short heavy for sex offenses
-Since he believed that biological predispositions determine deviant behavior,
Hooton advanced removal of criminals from society, seeing no hope in their
rehab
-William Sheldon: Somatology
-Body types determine our behavior
-Endomorphs: heavy, non crim
-Ectomorphs: Thin, property crime
-Mesomorphs: Athletic, violent crime
-Was a ostitutioal pshologists aguig that od tpe dietl affeted
temperament in people
-Glueks ofied “heldo’s work (mesomorphs have higher rates of
deliue ad Hooto’s ok as late as the 95s
-Genetic Theories
-Jukes (Richard Dugdale, 1877) and Kallikaks (Henry Goddard, 1912) family history of
crime shows crime and deviance as hereditary in nature
-Twin and Adoption argued twins (20%) raised together and twins adopted by different
parents showed a strong correlation between biology and criminal behavior
-Eugenic Criminology (Patricia Jacobs, 1965): the Supermale XYY Chromosomal
abnormality (women are XX, men are XY and 1 in 1,000 men are XYY and there was a
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Document Summary
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