MUS 15 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Arcangelo Corelli, Johann Peter Salomon, Symphony No. 94 (Haydn)
Terms:
• Arcangelo Corelli
o Italian violinist and composer during Baroque era
o Rome
▪ Pope allowed for instrumental music
▪ Orchestra for context of city wide market and entertainment
o Dependent on patronage (Ottoboni)- allowed Corelli to work for other patrons to
show off wealth and become most influential musical leader in Rome
o Concerto in D major Op 6 No 4
▪ Before- no large ensembles but multiple choirs
▪ After- concertino with 2 violinists (Corelli & Fornan) and one cellist,
larger ensemble, domination by violin family instruments, multiple choirs
into one grouping
o Emergence of orchestra dependent on social, cultural, historical background
o Development of modern orchestra
▪ Rather than accompanying piece, orchestra framed it- highlighting
occasion, providing visual backdrop, special effects, etc
• Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni
o Nephew of Pope Alexaner VIII
o Patron of Corelli (great patron of music and art)
• Patronage
o Support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that organization or individual
bestows to another
o Support that kings, popes, and wealthy have provided to artists like musicians and
painters
• Franz Joseph Haydn
o Court servant that worked for Esterhazy family and played music for them
o Lead orchestra and composed by request of Prince Esterhazy
o Not allowed to publish own music
o Moved to Vienna after Prince’s death/ Johann Salomon brought him to London
o Composed 12 public symphonies- commission paid no matter how many came
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o Rise of public concert showed public interest in consuming new instrumental
music
o Symphony No. 94 “Surprise”
▪ Surprise was nickname by public since orchestra would play softly and
then play loud note for attention
▪ Played on audience’s expectations
• Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy
o Hungarian prince part of famous Esterhazy family that Haydn worked for
o Building of palaces, luxury, taste for opera and other grand musical productions
o Patron of art and architecture
• Johann Peter Salomon
o German musician who found Haydn to bring to London after Prince Esterhazy
died and Haydn was relieved of his musical duties at court
o Famous violinist, composer, conductor, concert promoter of his time
• Symphony
o Elaborate musical composition for full orchestra
o Typically in 4 movements- at least one is traditionally in sonata form
• Ludwig van Beethoven
o German composer who was employed at court as teenage
o Went to study with Haydn in Vienna (place with little to no concert life)
o Dependent on stipends (treated patrons as equals or friends which was different
from Haydn’s time)
o Had to use own or patron’s money to break even for concerts
o Symphony No. 3 “Eroica” (heroic)
▪ Dedicated to favorite patron- Prince Lobkowitz
▪ 1st performed at palace and later in public but was poorly received
▪ Movement 1 was seen as unusual due to length, difficult beat, horn comes
in at unique “wrong” time but was purposely written that way
▪ Musical issues create sense of narration or journey
• Canon
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o List of works considered to be permanently established as being of the highest
quality
• Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
o Era of Piano Girl
▪ Rise of middle class- status now based on economic standing and wealth
▪ Sharply divided gender roles
▪ Playing piano was way to show off wealth and prepare for marriage later
o German musician who was a prodigy pianist that composed over 400 pieces
o Not much of own music published
o Discouraged by father and brother (brother sometimes helped and published her
work under his name)
o When married, husband encouraged her to publish
o Discouraged from playing in public- played at salons or gatherings
o “September” from Das Jahr
▪ Difficult to play- only meant for Fanny to play since she had great skills
▪ If meant to be published, would’ve been simpler
▪ Music for every month of year
• Clara Wieck Schumann
o Era of Piano Girl
o Father was music teacher/child prodigy
o Toured exclusively all over Europe
o Wife of critic Robert Schumann
o Father didn’t want her to marry him and so she went to court for marriage
o Husband got jealous since she was more talented and bread winner of family
▪ Injured hand to make them extend
▪ Had syphilis and tried to kill himself
▪ Spent last years in mental home
o When husband died, she rehabilitated music and toured playing his music
o Piano trio in G minor Op. 17
▪ Piano trio was chamber music genre for piano, violin, cello
▪ Could be viewed as middle ground between piano music and string quartet
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Document Summary
Injured hand to make them extend: had syphilis and tried to kill himself, spent last years in mental home, when husband died, she rehabilitated music and toured playing his music, piano trio in g minor op. 17: piano trio was chamber music genre for piano, violin, cello, could be viewed as middle ground between piano music and string quartet, composer and performer who had masterwork in 1846. Frq: what made corelli important in aspirational social scene of late 17th century rome. Unit 2: think about haydn"s various roles as a composer during his lifetime. How do both settings reflect concert culture in their respective locations: bach died so there was room for new talent. Why is this important: masterpiece among all her compositions, piano trio became one of the most important form of chamber music since much chamber music was written for salon performances.
