BIOL 1108- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 66 pages long!)
Document Summary
Protostomes and deuterostomes: protostomes, spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage: cell fate is set in early embryo development, mouth pore forms first in the gastrula, (cid:862)first (cid:373)outh(cid:863, mesoderm by schizocoely, deuterostomes, radial cleavage. Indeterminate cleavage: cell fate is set much later in the blastula (stem cells: anal pore opens first in the gastrula, (cid:862)se(cid:272)o(cid:374)d (cid:373)outh(cid:863, mesoderm by enterocoely. Evolutionary history: how many animals are there, 1. 5 (cid:373)illio(cid:374) spe(cid:272)ies ha(cid:448)e (cid:271)ee(cid:374) (cid:858)des(cid:272)ri(cid:271)ed(cid:859, an estimated 5-30+ million species exist, where do animals occur, everywhere, some interesting habitats include, caves, deep rift vents, moss on trees, beer coasters. In this hypothesis, sponges are a monophyletic group that is sister to all other animals. In this hypothesis, sponges are a paraphyletic group that populates two successive branches on the tree. Only some sponges are sister to other animals: both have multicellularity, gastrulation and collagen as separating them from choanoflagellates.
