BIOL 199 Study Guide - Final Guide: Cardiac Muscle, Muscle Fatigue, Botulism
9 May 2018
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Types of Muscles
Smooth muscle – involuntary action
Cardiac muscle – special type of muscle found in the heart
Cardiac muscle – involuntary action
Skeletal muscle – connected to the skeleton
Skeletal muscle – controlled voluntarily
Skeletal muscle – fast-twitch (rapid movements) or slow-twitch (slow movements and
Skeletal muscle – posture maintenance)
Muscle Functions
• Heat production
o Helps to maintain body temperature and therefore, homeostasis
• Posture maintenance
Movement
• Muscles react and contract in response to signals from the nervous system
• Nerve impulse releases calcium ions
• Ca2+ exposes binding sites on actin
• ATP binds to myosin then breaks into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy, so
myosin can bind to actin and pull it toward the center of the sarcomere
• When another ATP comes, it allows myosin to disconnect from actin
Muscle Fatigue
• Muscle fatigue is caused by low glucose (or another cellular respiration
reactant), low oxygen, or low ATP
o When our body can’t keep up with ATP creation, it will resort to
fermentation which causes lactic acid build-up
o Phosphates are found in muscles to replenish used ADPs
