BIOC 405 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase

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ochreporcupine180

19 Nov 2016

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Biochemistry

Course

BIOC 405

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D I M A I O

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)f there is no mitochondria around or the mitochondria don"t have oxygen, then they pyruvate will go to lactate. But if the mitochondria are around, then the pyruvate can be converted to acetyl-coa by the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. The citric acid cycle makes some atp or. Gtp, but it also makes reducing equivalents of nadh and fadh2. This reducing power is used to make a proton gradient, which is used to make atp by oxidative phosphorylation. Respiration (cid:523)tca cycle, proton gradient (cid:524) is happening in the mitochondria. Have an outer membrane, which is fairly permeable to a lot of molecules; a lot of small molecules can get across this membrane easily. For molecules to get across the inner membrane, they mostly have to have a specific type of transporter. It is across this inner membrane that you make the ph gradient, which is used to make atp.

Related Questions

1)Pyruvate is one of the products of glycolysis that can be used by aerobic organisms to extract additional energy. Explain what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis, name the multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes this reaction, and name the cycle that the product feeds into.

2)Suppose you start with 1 molecule of glucose and go through glycolysis to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate. These 2 molecules of pyruvate are then converted into acetyl CoA which then go through the TCA cycle. Theoretically, how many total ATP can be formed through this process? (Account for NADH/FADH₂ produced). Show where each molecule of ATP is generated from.

3)Name the five types of membrane-bound electron carriers. All of the redox centers within the respiratory chain that accept and donate electrons are prosthetic groups except which?

4)Peroxisomes are the site of what? What properties do peroxisomes share with mitochondria?

1. Which statement comparing chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?

	Chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain two membranes.
	None of these statements are true.
	Chloroplasts pump protons outside the organelle, while mitochondria pump protons inside the inner part of the organelle.
	Chloroplasts and mitochondria use electrons from NADH to create a proton gradient.
	Chloroplasts and mitochondria use energy from a proton gradient to make ATP.

2. Approximately how many more ATPs are made from one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions with oxidative phosphorylation than under anaerobic conditions?

	104
	0
	2
	30

3. As a cyclic pathway, why doens't the citrate cycle stop functioning when citrate cycle intermediates are siphoned off for use by other pathways?

	Heme degradation produces succinyl-CoA, which is sufficient to restore the downstream citrate cycle intermediates that may be lacking.
	Citrate cycle intermediates are constantly imported into the mitochondria from the cytosol, so these metabolites are never in low abundance.
	Anaplerotic reactions catalyze the formation of citrate cycle intermediates, which can then enter the citrate cycle and maintain a functioning pathway.
	Oxaloacetate is the only citrate cycle intermediate that leaves the pathway, and it is replenished by pyruvate carboxylase.

Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H⁺ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H⁺ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH₂

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.

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BIOC 405 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase

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