BIOL 212 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Carbon, Van, Ionic Order
BIOL 212
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Chapter 1
● Most body’s cells are red blood cells
○ Majority by mass - fat cells & muscle cells
● Cell is fundamental unit of life
○ Robert Hooke (1665) - named “cell”
■ Hooke microscope - 30x magnification
○ Leeuwonhoek (1683) - microscope w/ 300x magnification
■ Looked @ protozoa (eukaryotes)
■ Movement of cells
■ Tooth plaque - bacteria
■ “Animalcules”
● Cell Theory
○ Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
■ 1838 - ALL organisms are composed of 1+ cells
■ 1839 - Cells are structural and functional unit of life
○ Rudolf Virchow/Robert Remak
■ 1855 - all cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division
● Needed to have cells fall into medium to grow more cells
● Properties of Living Things
○ Cells:
■ Are highly complex & organized
■ Acquire matter & energy from environment, transform & use energy
■ Carry out chemical reactions (display metabolism)
■ Display homeostasis
■ Engage in mechanical activities
■ Respond to environmental stimuli - adapt
■ Display growth and development
■ Reproduce by cell division
● Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - flow of genetic information
○ Gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase
■ Makes single strand (mRNA)
○ RNA is translated - protein synthesis
○ End with chain of amino acids
○ Genome - is both coding & non-coding DNA
○ Transcriptome - collection of all mRNA
■ Differs w each cell
○ Proteome - collection of all proteins
■ Depends on the cells
● C-value - DNA content of a range of organisms
○ Based off of # of base pairs - haploid numbers
● Ribozymes (naturally occuring)
○ Peptide bond in protein synthesis - ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
○ RNA splicing - self-splicing RNA, small nuclear RNAs
● Diversity of Cells: Shapes of Prokaryotic Cells
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○ Spherical bacterial cells - coccus
○ Chain of spherical bacterial cells - streptococcus
○ Rod-shaped bacterial cells - bacillus
○ Spiral bacterial cells - ???????
Chapter 1 Continued
● The Sizes of Cells
○ Surface area to Volume Ratio
■ Efficient nutrient exchange between the cell & environment are vital to cell
survival
● Increased size → SA:V ratio decreases
● SA of cell corresponds to plasma membrane (function - transport
of molecules, oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc)
○ Cytoplasm Volume & Nucleoplasm to Cytoplasm Ratio
■ Cells depend on simple diffusion (random diffusion of molecules) to
deliver materials from place to place
● Smaller size travels faster
● Nucleoplasm contains DNA & genes & proteins (materials in
nucleus)
○ Structural Support
■ Cells depend on intact plasma membrane - must be fluid & flexible
● Larger cells = greater chance of damage
● Components of Prokaryotic Cells
○ Nucleoid
■ Double stranded circular DNA - Chromosome
■ 4M base pairs long
■ Takes up over half of cell mass
■ Important for life
■ Proteins are dots inside of nucleoid - protein scaffold
● Holds the nucleoid in place/condensed
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Most body"s cells are red blood cells. Majority by mass - fat cells & muscle cells. Leeuwonhoek (1683) - microscope w/ 300x magnification. 1838 - all organisms are composed of 1+ cells. 1839 - cells are structural and functional unit of life. 1855 - all cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division. Needed to have cells fall into medium to grow more cells. Acquire matter & energy from environment, transform & use energy. Central dogma of molecular biology - flow of genetic information. Genome - is both coding & non-coding dna. C-value - dna content of a range of organisms. Based off of # of base pairs - haploid numbers. Peptide bond in protein synthesis - ribosomal rna (rrna) Rna splicing - self-splicing rna, small nuclear rnas. Diversity of cells: shapes of prokaryotic cells. Chain of spherical bacterial cells - streptococcus. Efficient nutrient exchange between the cell & environment are vital to cell survival.
