CHM 201- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 116 pages long!)

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Carbon atoms with formal charges: when a carbon atom possesses either a positive or negative charge, it will have three bonds. Three-dimensional bond-line structures: includes wedges, which represents a group coming out of the page, and dashes, which represents a group going behind the page, fischer projections: used for acyclic compounds, haworth projections: used for cyclic compounds. Introduction to the bronsted-lowry acids and bases: bronsted-lowry acids and bases: based on the transfer of a proton (h+) Flow of electron density: curved-arrow notation: represent an actual physical process, illustrate the flow of a proton from one reagent to the other, reaction mechanism: show how the reaction occurs in terms of the motion of electrons. Position of equilibrium and choice of reagents: position of equilibrium can be found by comparing the stability of the conjugate base and the base, equilibrium will always favor the more stabilized negative charge.

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