PSYC 100 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Anxiety, Sigmund Freud, Psychology
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
PSYC 100
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Psych 111 8/29/17
Lecture 1:
Overview:
What is psychology?
Challenges of studying psychology?
How did psychology develop as a science?
What is psychology?
• The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior
Challenges of Studying Psychology
• It’s opliated eause it’s hard to predit ehaior, sie all ehaior is ultipl
determined.
• Behavior may be influenced by related factors
o if ou at to sleep i lass, ou do’t at to e see teaher so hoose
back row
• We’re all different
o I will find the owner of this wallet
▪ Guilt a pla a role, past eperiee a pla a role, ae there’s a kid
nearby and you want to be a good role model
o I will become the owner of this wallet
▪ Mae ou’re reall i eed of oe, pressures from people around
ou, ae there’s a kid ad ou do’t thik he ill report ou
• Individual differences: variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality, and
behavior.
• Culture shapes our behavior
• In terms of parenting, social interactions (question a person in authority acceptable or
not?)
Common Sense works sometimes, not others
• Naïve realism- belief that we see the world precisely as it is (Can falsely lead us to
believe that our perceptions and memories are always accurate)
• Appearances can be deceiving
Psychological Science
• What is science?
o Empiricism- Systematic approach to evidence. Theory that knowledge should
initially be gained through observation.
o Scientific theory- explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
o Hypothesis- testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
Science and Bias
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Confirmation Bias- Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and
deny evidence that contradicts them
o Gambling- may only focus on what you win and not focus on what you lost, to
convince yourself to keep gambling
o Example: Dartmouth vs Princeton football (1951)
▪ Had a pealties oe star plaers ose as roke; aother’s leg as
roke. “hos that people see hat the at to see the gae eat
things mean different things to different people. When surveyed about
who started the rough play, different perceptions were shared.
Dartmouth said Dartmouth started rough play mostly, or both started.
Princeton said Dartmouth started it and few said both did.
▪ What they saw in the video depended a lot on what they said before,
even if they viewed the same thing the answers were different
• Belief perseverance- Tendency to stick to original belief, even when evidence
contradicts them
o Evolution vs. creationism
o Believing in the link between vaccinations and autism
o Example: Asked to read real or fictitious suicide notes and had to say real or fake.
▪ Given success or failure feedback by experimenter
▪ Later, told feedback was not reflective of their actual performance
▪ The oes ho got “uess feedak still thought that the’d do etter.
Failure feedback thought they would do worse.
History
• In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt developed the first psych lab in Germany.
Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology
• Structuralism
o Scientific goal: Identify basic elements of experience by using introspection
o Proesses outside of our aareess hat’s our phoe uer?
o Leading figure: Edward Bradford Titchener
o Systematic Observation
• Functionalism
o To understand the functions of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
o Leading figures: William James who write Principles of Psych in 1890
• Behaviorism
o Focused on uncovering general principles of learning that explain all behavior.
o Behaviors are products of learning strategies and principles
o Objective research
o Leading figures: John B. Watson, B.F skinner
• Cognitivism
o To examine the role of mental processes on behavior
o Leading figures: Jean Piaget, Ulric Neisser
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
What is psychology: the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior. I will find the owner of this wallet: guilt (cid:272)a(cid:374) pla(cid:455) a role, past e(cid:454)perie(cid:374)(cid:272)e (cid:272)a(cid:374) pla(cid:455) a role, (cid:373)a(cid:455)(cid:271)e there"s a kid nearby and you want to be a good role model. I will become the owner of this wallet: ma(cid:455)(cid:271)e (cid:455)ou"re reall(cid:455) i(cid:374) (cid:374)eed of (cid:373)o(cid:374)e(cid:455), pressures from people around (cid:455)ou, (cid:373)a(cid:455)(cid:271)e there"s a kid a(cid:374)d (cid:455)ou do(cid:374)"t thi(cid:374)k he (cid:449)ill report (cid:455)ou. Individual differences: variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality, and behavior: culture shapes our behavior. In terms of parenting, social interactions (question a person in authority acceptable or not?) Common sense works sometimes, not others: na ve realism- belief that we see the world precisely as it is (can falsely lead us to believe that our perceptions and memories are always accurate, appearances can be deceiving. Psychological science: what is science, empiricism- systematic approach to evidence.
