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NTR 109 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Dietary Supplement, Diuretic, Fetus

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School
University at Buffalo
Department
Nutrition
Course
NTR 109
Professor
Melissa Chabot

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Document Summary

What is this system ?-- basically it is the blood and bone marrow, but it could include the spleen and lymph. What we focus on in this section is the production of red blood cells. We also cover the clotting system (platelet cells and clotting factors). There are a great number of other parts to this system (blood components). This mineral is a key component of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the red blood cell. It is also a key factor in other enzymes that are important in energy metabolism and detoxification. The first thing that happens is deficiency, later is anemia. The anemia (iron deficient anemia) results in a lower production of hemoglobin and a smaller red blood cells (microcytic anemia). It is not megaloblastic anemia (the lack of folate and b12) and not pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor which is needed for.

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Related Questions

1. Anemia is the general term for conditions that result in theblood not being able to carry enough oxygen to the tissues in thebody. This can be due to a person's inability to produce enoughnormal hemoglobin molecules and/or red blood cells.

Which type of anemia is due to a decrease in red blood cellproduction because of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Select one:

a. sickle cell anemia

b. pernicious anemia

c. iron-deficiency anemia

2. Which is the most common blood type in the US?

Select one:

a. A

b. B

c. AB

d. O

3. Which of the following is found in plasma?

Select one or more:

a. vitamins

b. red blood cells

c. hormones

d. platelets

e. all of the above

4. Cells that can differentiate into any of the formed elements(red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) are celled Answercells

5. Eosinophils and monocytes are involved in allergicreactions.

Select one:

True

False

6. Hemoglobin is the molecule that floats around in blood andcarries oxygen molecules to the tissues in your body.

True or false: Oxygen binds to the iron in the hemoglobinmolecule.

Select one:

True

False

7. Hemolytic disease of the newborn can happen during a woman'sfirst pregnancy where the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+.

Select one:

True

False

8. Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cell. It is the resultof an abnormal white blood cell multiplying uncontrollably. Why isit so letal? Because it takes over the red bone marrow and doesn'tallow normal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets toform.

True or false:

Without enough red blood cells, you can't bring oxygen to thetissues in your body.

Without enough platelets, you won't be able to form clots, forinstance, to stop you from bleeding when you get a cut.

Without enough normal white blood cells, you cannot fightinfections properly.

Select one:

True

False

9. The neutrophil is the first white blood cell to arrive at thesite of an infection.

Select one:

True

False

10. Blood clots serve to stop a person from bleeding, forinstance, when they get a cut (a blood vessel is broken open). Whena blood clot forms in an unbroken blood vessel, it is called anembolus; when the embolus breaks free from the wall of that bloodvessel, it is called a thrombus.

Select one:

True

False

Ted goes to see Dr. Zhou, complaining that he always feels tired and cold. The doctor orders some blood tests. Ted hates needles, but reluctantly gets blood drawn for the tests anyway. At their next appointment a few days later, Dr. Zhou tells Ted that he has pernicious anemia, and will need to take vitamin B12 shots once a month for the rest of his life. The doctor explains more about pernicious anemia, but Ted can’t remember much of what she says because he basically stops listening at the word “injections”. Ted is given one such injection before he leaves the office, and within a few days he begins to feel better.

However, Ted’s uncle Fred scoffs at vitamins, saying that the doctor is a quack, because, “Everybody knows anemia is from not getting enough iron.” Ted will do anything to avoid needles, so instead of going back for more shots, he instead follows Uncle Fred’s advice, and for the next six months he eats lots of red meat cooked in a cast iron skillet.

Six months later, Ted goes back to see Dr. Zhou because his previous symptoms of fatigue and chills have returned, worse than before, and in addition, his hands and feet have gone numb. Dr. Zhou explains that this is another effect of vitamin B12 deficiency, and urges him to take the shots. Ted reluctantly agrees to start taking the shots regularly, and soon his symptoms greatly improve, though he’s left with some degree of permanent nerve damage in his hands and feet.

Why did the extra iron not help Ted?

Ted tries to bargain with Dr. Zhou, saying he will diligently take B12 capsules if he can avoid the shots. Dr. Zhou explains that with pernicious anemia, the problem is not insufficient intake of vitamin B12, but lack of absorption because of lack of something called intrinsic factor.

What is intrinsic factor, and why did Ted’s body stop making it? Why must Ted take shots instead of pills?

Questions 4-6. Sickle cell disease:
Sickle cell disease (sickle cell anemia) is a relatively common disorder in individuals of

African descent and affects approximately 1 in 500 African-Americans. Due to a mutation in an autosomal gene for hemoglobin, the homozygous recessive genotype leads to red blood cells that are relatively stiff and sticky, and deform into a sickle shape as they lose oxygen. This leads to problems in the spleen, and anemia.

There are hundreds of different hemoglobin alleles. Individuals heterozygous for the sickle cell allele and one non-sickle cell allele usually do not experience major complications or even noticeable symptoms. A genetic test is available to diagnose carriers.

James does not have sickle cell disease, neither does his mother or father, but his sister does. His wife Natasha does not have sickle cell disease, and neither of her parents does either. Natasha also has a sister who has sickle cell anemia and two brothers without the disease.

5.) If James and Natasha have a child, what is the probability that the child would be a homozygote for the recessive allele and have sickle cell disease? You may draw the Punnet square but please solve the problem using probability calculations, then explain your reasoning in 2-5 complete sentences.