NTR 108 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Independent Community And Health Concern, Pepsin, Topiramate

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29 Jan 2015

School

University at Buffalo

Department

Nutrition

Course

NTR 108

Professor

Hufford

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Document Summary

Structure of amino acid function of amino acid. Peptide bond links together 2 amino acids. Dipeptides 2 amino acids that have been chemically joined together. Polypeptides many amino acids that have been joined chemically. The structure and function of proteins are determined by their amino acids sequence. Unique amino acid sequence which is encoded in the cellular dna. Induced in the diet to maintain optimal protein status. Amino acids but the body is able to make from other substances in diet. Can be used as an energy source. Maintenance of acid base balance involved in blood clotting. Delivery of o2 to tissues transport proteins. Denaturation loss of protein function and exposure of peptide bonds for digestion. During digestion, protein in food is broken down into the individual amino acids. Body uses this pool of amino acids to make new tissues and to maintain existing tissues. Protein w/ 3d structure denatured w/ acid.

Related Questions

Protein Structure

a.Different function of proteins and examples:

b. Protein building blocks:

1. atomic composition of building block:

2. "parts" or "functional groups" of the building block:

c. Importance of side chain (R group):

d. Hydrophobic amino acids characteristics:

e. Hydrophilic amino acids characteristics:

f. Charged amino acids characteristics

Copy and complete the table below regarding the characteristics and which groups in the polypeptide interact together at each structural level of the protein.

	characteristics	groups interacting
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quartenary structure

Value: 2

Choose the correct statement(s). You may choose more than one answer.

[mark all correct answers]
a. Proteins are the building blocks of amino acids.

b. Enzymes are a type of protein.

c. Quartenary structure consists of two or more polypeptide chains interacting.

d. Amino acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

e. The primary structure of a protein is formed due to the interaction of side groups.

Value: 3

Put the following statements regarding the structural levels of a protein formation in the correct order.

Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the order they should occur, number 1 being the first item. Select the step number from the drop down next to each item.

Items to order:

1. Individual amino acids are bonded together via peptide bonds.

2. Two or more polypeptide chains interact via bonds.

3. Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring amino acids within a polypeptide chain allowing the chain to coil or form pleated sheets.

4. Side groups (R) of the individual amino acids interact with each other allowing the protein to assume its three dimensional shape.

Value:4

Put the following statements regarding the structural levels of a protein formation in the correct order

Individual amino acids are bonded together via peptide bonds.	1 2 3 4
Two or more polypeptide chains interact via bonds.	1 2 3 4
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring amino acids within a polypeptide chain allowing the chain to coil or form pleated sheets.	1 2 3 4
Side groups (R) of the individual amino acids interact with each other allowing the protein to assume its three dimensional shape.	1 2 3 4

Value: 5

Hydrophobic amino acids will be found _______________.

a. In the interior (inner core) of a protein, away from the watery environment.

b. in the interior of a plasma membrane.

c. Both A and B

d. Neither

Value: 6

A protein's function is defined by ____________.

a. enzymatic reactions

b. it's shape.

c. chain of nucleotides.

d. the presence of carbon and hydrogen.

Value: 7

Which of the following is NOT considered a protein function?

a. transport of substances across membrane

b. enzymatic reactions

c. provides structural support

d. carries genetic information

Biochemistry Review Questions

What is the classification of the compound shown here?

A) an aldohexose B) a ketohexose C) an aldopentose D) a ketopentose

2. In a disaccharide, the CâO bond that joins the two rings together is called _____.

A) a hemiacetal B) a glycosidic linkage C) an alditol D) an anomer

3. What is the structure of amylopectin?

A) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¡-glycoside linkages

B) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¡-glycoside linkages

C) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¢-glycoside linkages

D) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¢-glycoside linkages

4. In a disaccharide, the CâO bond that joins the two rings together is called _____.

A) a hemiacetal B) a glycosidic linkage C) an alditol D) an anomer

5. Which type of linkage between the two rings is in the structure shown?

A) 1Â®4-b-glycoside linkage D) 1Â®1-a-glycoside linkage

B) 1Â®4-a-glycoside linkage E) 1Â®2-b-glycoside linkage

C) 1Â®1-b-glycoside linkage

6. What is the structure of cellulose?

A) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-a-glycoside linkages

B) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-a-glycoside linkages

C) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-b-glycoside linkages

D) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-b-glycoside linkages

7. Which amino acid is a basic amino acid?

A) serine B) arginine C) cysteine D) alanine E) valine

8. What monosaccharide is found in cellulose, starch, and glycogen?

A) glucose

B) galactose

C) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

D) fructose

E) More than one of the monosaccharides above is found in cellulose, starch, and glycogen.

9. Which is not a reducing sugar?

A) glucose B) fructose C) sucrose D) galactose E) an aldopentose

10. Sucrose contains one _____ unit and one _____ unit.

11. What is the particular sequence of amino acids of a protein that are joined together by peptide bonds called?

A) the primary structure of a protein C) the tertiary structure of a protein

B) the secondary structure of a protein D) the quaternary structure of a protein

12. What is the charge on an amino acid at a pH below its pI?

A) positive

B) neutral

C) negative

D) The charge or lack of charge varies depending on the amino acid.

13. What is the C-terminal amino acid in the tetrapeptide glycylalanyisoleucylmethionine?

A) alanine B) glycine C) methionine D) isoleucine

14. How many different dipeptides can be formed when one valine reacts with one glycine?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

15. What is the process of altering the shape of a protein without breaking the amide bonds that form the primary structure?

A) hydrolysis B) competitive inhibition C) denaturation D) oxidation

16. Which of the following compounds is an enzyme?

A) glucose C) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

B) triosephosphate isomerase D) dihydrofolate

17. What is a zymogen?

A) an amino acid with a neutral charge

B) inactive precursor of an enzyme

C) a molecule that causes an enzyme to lose activity

D) a nonprotein organic molecule needed for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur

18. Which of the following will the cause the rate of enzyme activity to first increase and then level off?

increasing the enzyme concentration

increasing the temperature

increasing the substrate concentration

increasing the pH

19. Which of the following make up a nucleoside?

base + sugar

base + phosphate + sugar

base + phosphate

phosphate + sugar

20. Transcription corresponds to which of the following?

the separation of the two strands of DNA to enable the formation of two identical DNA molecules

the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA

the transfer of genetic information from RNA to DNA

the use of genetic information to synthesize a specific protein

21. Each individual tRNA contains _____

A) a base sequence that is identical to the informational strand of DNA.

B) the sequence of codons that determines the order of amino acids in the protein.

C) an anticodon of three nucleotides that is complementary to the codon in mRNA and identifies individual amino acids.

D) an anticodon complementary to any of the three stop codons.

22. Where does energy production occur in animal cells?

A) cell membrane B) cytoplasm C) mitochondria D) nucleus

23. How many molecules of CO2 are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4

25. Which is not a reaction found in stage [2] of catabolism?

A) fatty acid oxidation C) oxidative phosphorylation

B) glycolysis D) amino acid catabolism

26. What is the classification of the reaction shown?

A) oxidation D) hydrolysis

B) reduction E) isomerization

C) decarboxylation

27. Synthesis of glucose from amino acids is called

A) Glycolysis C) Gluconeogensis

B) Glycogenesis D) Hydrolysis

28. The synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones in the body is referred to as

A) catabolism C) Ketogenesis

B) anabolism D)glycolysis

29. The nucleic acid base found in the mRNA but not in DNA is

A) Adenine C) Uracil

B) Guanine D) Cytosine

30. DNA rich in A-T base pairs have

A) 1 hydrogen bond C) 2 hydrogen bonds

B) 3 hydrogen bonds D) 4 hydrogen bonds

31. Where does the energy production occur in the cell?

A) Ribosome C) Mitochondria

B) Nucleus D) Cytoplasm

32. Where does the protein synthesis occur in the cell?

A) Ribosome C) Mitochondria

B) Nucleus D) Cytoplasm

33. In the process of transcription, the flow of genetic information is from

A) DNA to DNA C) DNA to protein

B) RNA to protein D) DNA to RNA

34. Ammonium ions are converted to non-toxic nitrogen containing compounds through

A) Amino acid metabolism C) Urea cycle

B) Citric acid cycle D) transamination

35. In protein structure, B-pleated cheats are examples of

A) Primary structure C) Secondary structure

B) Tertiary structure D) Quaternary structure

36. Lactose is a disaccharide formed of

A) Glucose + fructose C) Glucose + galactose

B) Glucose + glucose D) Fructose + galactose

37. Saponification is

A) Hydrolysis of fats by strong base

B) Hydrolysis of glycerol by lipases

C) Esterification

D) Oxidation reaction

38. The connection between amino acid residues in molecules of protein is

A) glycosidic linkage C) peptide linakge

C) ether linkage D) phosphodiester linkage

39. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are generally

A) Oil at room temperature C) Solid at room temperature

B) Semisolid at room temperature D) All of the above

40. Maximum energy is produced by

A) Carbohydrates C) Lipids

B) Proteins D) Nucleic acids

41. A polynucleotide contains _____

A) one free phosphate group at the 5' end.

B) a backbone of alternating sugar and base groups.

C) one free phosphate group at the 1' end.

D) one free OH group at the 5' end.

42. How many molecules of CO2 are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4

43. How many molecules of GTP are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4

44. Which is the enzyme that hydrolyzes triacylglycerols?

A) acetyl CoA D) lipase

B) protease pepsin E) succinate dehydrogenase

C) amylase

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

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NTR 108 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Independent Community And Health Concern, Pepsin, Topiramate

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